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56
library.bib
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@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
urldate = {2025-01-05},
abstract = {Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly developing environmental problem particularly for the most developed countries. There are technological solutions for processing it, but these are costly, and the cheaper option for most developed countries has been to export most of the waste to less developed countries. There are various laws and policies for regulating the processing of e-waste at different governance scales such as the international Basel Convention, the regional Bamoko Convention, and various national laws. However, many of the regulations are not fully implemented and there is substantial financial pressure to maintain the jobs created for processing e-waste. Mexico, Brazil, Ghana Nigeria, India, and China have been selected for a more detailed study of the transboundary movements of e-waste. This includes a systematic review of existing literature, the application of the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework for analysing complex problems associated with social ecological systems, and the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the environmental impact of electronic devices from their manufacture through to their final disposal. Japan, Italy, Switzerland, and Norway have been selected for the LCA to show how e-waste is diverted to developing countries, as there is not sufficient data available for the assessment from the selected developing countries. GOOD, BAD and UGLY outcomes have been identified from this study: the GOOD is the creation of jobs and the use of e-waste as a source of raw materials; the BAD is the exacerbation of the already poor environmental conditions in developing countries; the UGLY is the negative impact on the health of workers processing e-waste due to a wide range of toxic components in this waste. There are a number of management options that are available to reduce the impact of the BAD and the UGLY, such as adopting the concept of a circular economy, urban mining, reducing loopholes and improving existing policies and regulations, as well as reducing the disparity in income between the top and bottom of the management hierarchy for e-waste disposal. The overarching message is a request for developed countries to help developing countries in the fight against e-waste, rather than exporting their environmental problems to these poorer regions.},
copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6P788A6M/Abalansa et al. - 2021 - Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries The GOOD, the BAD and t.pdf}
langid = {english}
}
@book{aclandResidualMedia2007,
@ -46,8 +45,7 @@
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-04-20},
abstract = {Most of the time, you shouldn't be scared of self\&\#x2d;repair, no matter what a sticker says.},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/SCEPGCMA/warranty-void-stickers-are-illegal-in-the-us-what-about-elsewhere.html}
langid = {english}
}
@techreport{baldeGlobalEWasteMonitor2024,
@ -125,8 +123,7 @@
title = {All the {{Noises}}: {{Hijacking Listening Machines}} for {{Performative Research}}},
author = {Bowers, John and Green, Owen},
abstract = {Research into machine listening has intensified in recent years creating a variety of techniques for recognising musical features suitable, for example, in musicological analysis or commercial application in song recognition. Within NIME, several projects exist seeking to make these techniques useful in real-time music making. However, we debate whether the functionally-oriented approaches inherited from engineering domains that much machine listening research manifests is fully suited to the exploratory, divergent, boundary-stretching, uncertainty-seeking, playful and irreverent orientations of many artists. To explore this, we engaged in a concerted collaborative design exercise in which many different listening algorithms were implemented and presented with input which challenged their customary range of application and the implicit norms of musicality which research can take for granted. An immersive 3D spatialised multichannel environment was created in which the algorithms could be explored in a hybrid installation/performance/lecture form of research presentation. The paper closes with reflections on the creative value of `hijacking' formal approaches into deviant contexts, the typically undocumented practical know-how required to make algorithms work, the productivity of a playfully irreverent relationship between engineering and artistic approaches to NIME, and a sketch of a sonocybernetic aesthetics for our work.},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/2ZLACHGS/Bowers and Green - All the Noises Hijacking Listening Machines for Performative Research.pdf}
langid = {english}
}
@misc{bowersNotHyperNot2005,
@ -174,7 +171,7 @@
abstract = {The US wants to manufacture chips again --- but there's a dark, overlooked history.},
howpublished = {https://www.theverge.com/features/611297/manufacturing-workers-semiconductor-computer-chip-birth-defect},
langid = {american},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6G8IIDT5/article.pdf}
keywords = {chip}
}
@misc{chamberlainApple8217sRecyclingProgram2024,
@ -413,7 +410,7 @@
urldate = {2025-03-10},
isbn = {978-0-472-90029-9 978-0-472-11761-1},
langid = {american},
keywords = {check note,reading atm,summarised,toppertje},
keywords = {check note,chip,reading atm,summarised,toppertje},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/PZB4D642/Gabrys - 2011 - Digital rubbish a natural history of electronics.pdf}
}
@ -492,19 +489,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/3CLBB35B/96764.html}
}
@book{heimsCyberneticsGroup1991,
title = {The Cybernetics Group},
author = {Heims, Steve J.},
year = {1991},
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, Mass},
isbn = {978-0-262-08200-6},
langid = {english},
lccn = {H62.5.U5 H45 1991},
keywords = {Science},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/F7GQ3EYL/Heims - 1991 - The cybernetics group.pdf}
}
@book{hertzArtDIYElectronics2023,
title = {Art + {{DIY}} Electronics},
author = {Hertz, Garnet},
@ -606,6 +590,14 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6SL672CT/Huhtamo and Parikka - 2011 - Media archaeology approaches, applications, and implications.pdf}
}
@misc{ifixitRecyclingDestruction,
title = {Recycling Is {{Destruction}}},
author = {{iFixit}},
urldate = {2025-04-22},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/Right-to-Repair/Recycling},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/GEHC3KUX/Recycling.html}
}
@article{ilesMappingEnvironmentalJustice2004,
title = {Mapping {{Environmental Justice}} in {{Technology Flows}}: {{Computer Waste Impacts}} in {{Asia}}},
shorttitle = {Mapping {{Environmental Justice}} in {{Technology Flows}}},
@ -816,7 +808,7 @@
urldate = {2025-01-05},
isbn = {978-1-4503-7595-5},
langid = {english},
keywords = {toppertje},
keywords = {chips,toppertje,toxic,transistors},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/NEBEZJ9M/Lepawsky - 2020 - Towards a World of Fixers Examining barriers and enablers of widely deployed third-party repair for.pdf}
}
@ -1003,19 +995,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/WVMHNRFB/Mims - 2014 - Getting started in electronics a complete electronics course in 128 pages!.pdf}
}
@book{mindellHumanMachineFeedback2002,
title = {Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics},
shorttitle = {Between Human and Machine},
author = {Mindell, David A.},
year = {2002},
series = {Johns {{Hopkins}} Studies in the History of Technology},
publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
address = {Baltimore},
isbn = {978-0-8018-6895-5 978-0-8018-7774-2},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/X5EIETEA/Mindell - 2002 - Between human and machine feedback, control, and computing before cybernetics.pdf}
}
@article{MooresLaw2025,
title = {Moore's Law},
year = {2025},
@ -1025,6 +1004,7 @@
abstract = {Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship. It is an experience-curve law, a type of law quantifying efficiency gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel and former CEO of the latter, who in 1965 noted that the number of components per integrated circuit had been doubling every year, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41\%. Moore's empirical evidence did not directly imply that the historical trend would continue, nevertheless, his prediction has held since 1975 and has since become known as a law. Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development (R\&D). Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted prices of microprocessors, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view.},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
langid = {english},
keywords = {chip},
annotation = {Page Version ID: 1283756153},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/LLNRZSRV/Moore's_law.html}
}
@ -1176,7 +1156,7 @@
collaborator = {Acland, Charles R.},
isbn = {978-0-8166-4472-8 978-0-8166-4471-1},
langid = {english},
keywords = {check note,hiding waste streams,summarised,to summarise,toppertje},
keywords = {check note,hiding waste streams,moores law,Obsolescence,summarised,to summarise,toppertje},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/CAIF3ZWR/Parks - Falling Apart Electronics Salvaging and the Global Media Economy.pdf}
}
@ -1465,7 +1445,7 @@
isbn = {978-0-674-02203-4},
langid = {english},
lccn = {609.730 9},
keywords = {Obsolescence,summarised},
keywords = {chip,Obsolescence,summarised},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/HC67UT6D/Slade - 2006 - Made to break technology and obsolescence in America.pdf}
}
@ -1478,6 +1458,7 @@
pages = {16--31},
publisher = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press},
isbn = {0-8166-4471-3},
langid = {american},
keywords = {check note,summarised,toppertje},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/334DAPWQ/OutwiththeTrash.pdf}
}
@ -1559,6 +1540,7 @@
urldate = {2025-03-11},
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to define the process of iterative interface design as it pertains to musical performance. Embodying this design approach, the Monome OSC/MIDI USB controller represents a minimalist, open-source hardware device. The open-source nature of the device has allowed for a small group of Monome users to modify the hardware, firmware, and software associated with the interface. These user driven modifications have allowed the re-imagining of the interface for new and novel purposes, beyond even that of the device's original intentions. With development being driven by a community of users, a device can become several related but unique generations of musical controllers, each one focused on a specific set of needs.},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0, Open Access},
langid = {american},
keywords = {new},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/LIBHVK7L/Vallis et al. - 2010 - A Shift Towards Iterative And Open-Source Design For Musical Interfaces.pdf}
}

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src/assets/styles/layout.css
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@ -104,41 +104,6 @@ article table tr, .csl-entry {
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display: grid;
@ -221,30 +186,3 @@ figcaption:before {
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@ -37,6 +37,13 @@ body {
counter-reset: page;
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page: circuit;
break-before: page;
}
@page {
size: A5;
margin: 13mm var(--print-margin-x);
@ -234,7 +241,7 @@ article:has([data-chapter-title]), article:has([data-subchapter-title]) {
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article>*:first-of-type:is(table) {
@ -248,3 +255,7 @@ article>*:first-of-type:is(table) {
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break-after: avoid;
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@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ h6 {
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@ -253,3 +257,12 @@ h1 + ul, h2 + ul, h3 + ul, h4 + ul, h5 + ul, h6 + ul, h7 + ul {
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@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ front: false
>> The real long-term future of computing consists of figuring out how to make the best possible use we can out of the literal millions of devices which already exist.
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)</cite>
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)<span style=“display: none;”)[@marloesdevalkSalvagedComputing]</cite>
Beware! If you’ve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAW-less, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, noise boxes using an alternative resource: trash, you’ve come to the right place.
Beware! If you’ve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAW-less, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, sound devices an alternative resource: trash, you’ve come to the right place.
When I first read about salvage computing, I got very excited. Being part of the DIY Sound community, I’ve developed a growing discomfort with some aspects of the practice. Over the past few years, I’ve hosted workshops around circuit bending[^circuit-bending] and LOFI sound devices in and around Rotterdam. These workshops are meant as an accessible way to get people tinkering with electronics, through something infinitely playful: making instruments[^playful].
When I first read about salvage computing, I got very excited. Being part of the DIY Sound community, as a sound practitioner and hardware hacker, I’ve developed a growing discomfort with some aspects of the practice. Over the past few years, I’ve hosted workshops around circuit bending[^circuit-bending] and LOFI sound devices in and around Rotterdam. These workshops are meant as an accessible way to get people tinkering with electronics, through something infinitely playful: making instruments[^playful].
[^circuit-bending]: the practice around hacking discarded toys to find sonic potential through creating shorts, or sometimes literally bending the circuit.
[^playful]: Making instruments is an engaging way to learn about and work with the flow of electricity
In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^printer-subscription], disruptive products become obsolete within a year[^AI-pin], fixing flat tires is outsourced [^swapfiets] and some smartphones literally have to be frozen [^frozen] to be able to replace the battery, it’s clear we’re no longer in charge of our own devices. Warranty-void stickers and lengthy terms and conditions scare us into compliance. I’ve noticed how empowering these first-time soldering workshops can be in taking back this autonomy by making (or breaking) a circuit together. They are a shared attempt to uncover some of the black boxes in our own products [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. However, the toys and materials used in the workshops are single-use [^single-use] and, with ease, thrown out afterward. The carelessness notion creeps in that waste has no value, and is easily replaceable, and broke my heart a bit, one workshop at a time.
In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^printer-subscription], disruptive products become obsolete within a year[^AI-pin], fixing flat tires is outsourced [^swapfiets] and some smartphones literally have to be frozen [^frozen] to be able to replace the battery, it’s clear we’re no longer in charge of our own devices. Warranty-void stickers and lengthy terms and conditions scare us into compliance.
I’ve noticed how empowering these first-time soldering workshops can be in taking back this autonomy by making (or breaking) a circuit together. They are a shared attempt to uncover some of the black boxes in our own products [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. However, the toys and materials used in the workshops are single-use [^single-use] and, with ease, thrown out afterward. The carelessness notion creeps in that waste has no value, and is easily replaceable, and broke my heart a bit, one workshop at a time.
[^printer-subscription]: HP’s “all-inclusive” printers can only be used with an active subscription [@hachmanNightmareRealHP2024].
@ -31,51 +33,46 @@ In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^pr
This is where the field guide comes into play: Can we shift the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the waste streams they are part of? Limiting ourselves to only use salvaged components and discovering; is it possible to live off (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what would such a practice entail?
Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Waste is not only obsolete media but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic product; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to the inevitable disposal site [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Since the rate at which waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace as our collective buying and production, the landfills will continue to grow. Parikka even goes as far to say as that recycling is ultimately "trade-waste", where our abandoned devices are shipped across the ocean [@parikkaDustMatter2012].
Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Not only the obsolete media but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic product; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to the inevitable disposal site [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Since the rate at which waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace as our collective buying and production, the landfills will continue to grow. Parikka even goes as far to say as that recycling is ultimately "trade-waste", where our abandoned devices are shipped across the ocean [@parikkaDustMatter2012].
## Beyond the kit
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing a project, it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics or even sell it as a pre-compiled kit[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY: making do with what you have, with a focus on doing, and not the "thing" [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound devices, preventing the development of much-needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing a project, it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics or even sell it as a pre-compiled kit[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY that resonates with me the most: making do with what you have, with a focus on doing, and not the "thing" [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound devices, preventing the development of much-needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
[^KIT]: ![Kit from Bastl Instruments](/chapters/bastl_kit.webp)
<ins>Echt foto's maken...</ins>
Instead, what you will learn to build using this guide is a starting point. Small electronic circuits that produce sound on their own, but can also be duplicated, manipulated, and modulated into completely entirely different. The chaos is up to you. Some experience with electronics is preferred, as the guide will not go into detail about voltages and amps, or how to solder. There are other, more suitable resources for that. On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. This guide represents my personal understanding of electronics, which, in no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. It can however offer you insights and practical tools to incorporate salvaging into your own practice.
Within the DIY Sound community, DIWO workshops are a common way of sharing knowledge [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017], covering a wide range of topics, from the construction to bending and hacking and live coding. Where it is not only about sound
In the DIY synth community, DIWO (Do It With Others) is a common way of sharing knowledge. These often very horizontal workshops are a way of skillsharing. The field guide is no exception on that, and partly came together during (un)repair cafe events at klank.school. I think these DIWO practices are very powerfull. Not only saves it you from having to make an investment in specific tools, working with electronics and waste can be a frustrating process, and DIWO can help share the leed. Having conversations about the material whilest working with the material cna be a way to deepen the relationship with the mateiral.
Repair is often and historically organised as a social activity - opening up workplaces and sharing knowledge[@matternStepStepThinking2024]. <ins>expand more on the social</ins>. This notion a major part of the DIY Synth community [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]. By being part of workshops and gatherings around DIY sound and repair I've noticed how empowering these exchanges can be [^exchange]. This guide itself is created during and around so-called *(un)repair nights[^unrepair-night]* at the klankschool[^about-klankschool]. I would really encourage you to do DIWO this guide too. The frustrating process that can be learning electronics is much better to manage when shared.
[^exchange]: Especially during a [workshop in collaboration with the kunsthal](https://www.kunsthal.nl/nl/plan-je-bezoek/activiteiten/friday-night-live-operator/), where it was the first time making a circuit for many atendees. It was great to see how people without much electronics experience, figured out circuit making and playing, together.
[^unrepair-night]: The (un)repair cafe is a by-weekly hangout at the Klankschool, where we modify, hack and repair devices. Check the [calendar](https://calendar.klank.school/) for the next event!
[^about-klankschool]: Klankschool is a loose-knit group of sonic practitioners based in Rotterdam who share a common interest in performances, sound art, improvisation and noise. Everyone involved is a teacher, student, musician, janitor and more.
This field guide came together during and with the help of (un)repair nights at the klank.school. <ins>uitbreiden</ins>
![A sound device](/chapters/transistorOSC_white.webp){.img--fullpage}
Instead, what you will learn to build using this guide, is a starting point. Small electronic circuits that make sound on their own, but can also duplicated, manipulated, and modulated them into something entirely different.
To do so, it’s split up into five chapters, each focusing on a different stage of salvaging for sound devices.
To do so, the guide is split up into five chapters, each focusing on a different stage of salvaging for sound devices.
#### 1. Gathering hardware
*We trace where to find discarded electronics, what to look for, and how industry practices like planned and stylistic obsolescence shape what ends up in the trash.*
<ins>oke dit gaat over de waste streams en waarom dingen weggeooien: over dat bedrijven strategieen in place hebben om je het idee te geven dat je je spullen moet upgraden</ins>
#### 2. Dismantling devices
Opening up devices to uncover design strategies that prevent access: proprietary screws, glued casings, encryption, and the disappearance of service manuals.
<ins>hier gaat het weer meer over black boxing en planned obsolesence, dus dat het sowieso stuk gaat i guess
En ook over de service manual</ins>
*Opening up devices to uncover design strategies that prevent access: proprietary screws, glued casings, encryption, and the disappearance of service manuals.*
#### 3. Components to salvage
A practical guide to identifying and extracting useful components—motors, sensors, chips—and understanding how their design reflects built-in lifespans and disposability.
<ins>Hier gaan we dan door te kijken naar componenten zien hoe de planned obsolesence in elkaar steekt</ins>
*A practical guide to identifying and extracting useful components—motors, sensors, chips—and understanding how their design reflects built-in lifespans and disposability.*
#### 4. Recipes for making
Methods for prototyping, modifying, and recontextualizing salvaged parts—building experimental circuits and sound devices that embrace instability and reuse.
*Methods for prototyping, modifying, and reusing salvaged parts*
#### 5. Taking inventory
*A moment of reflection on what worked, what didn’t, and what patterns emerge when working with discarded electronics at scale.*
<ins>Oke hier is dus een stukje reflectie op de practice, wat werkt en wat niet, en meer herhaling</ins>
<ins> Introduce yourself first (if you haven't already by giving more context about your project above). Describe your practice and what you bring to this guide (experience as a live coder, musician, designer etc. THEN you can give a disclaimer about not being an expert in electronics (you are an expert in many other fields and this expertise makes this field guide so interesting!</ins>
On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. When I write about how things work, please take it with a grain of salt. This guide represents my personal understanding, which, no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. When in doubt, ask a friend!
Happy scavenging!
Thius field guide came together during and with the help of (un)repair nights at the klank.school.

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---
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
When salvaging for parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional]. These devices can be a literal goldmine of working parts that could be repurposed, as they probably still function, it’s the stylistic obsolescence that is the problem.
When salvaging for parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside, but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional]. These devices can be a literal goldmine of working parts that could be repurposed, as their inner parts probably still function, it’s the stylistic obsolescence that is the problem.
Remy & Huang argue that the core goals of ICT are simply researching new technologies and selling more product [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015]. To achieve the latter, manufacturers have embraced structured obsolescence:the idea that a product has a limited lifespan and ought to be consumed and upgraded within a few years. This strategy embedded in the manufacturing, marketing and even the naming [^naming] of the product [@sterneOutTrashFuture2007]. It’s been embedded in consumer culture since the late 19th century, originally proposed as a solution for overproduction [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. As a result, many devices since have been upgraded, replaced, devalued and thrown out, before ever reaching their full potential [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]. It is exactly these machines we are looking for. So, where to find them?
Remy & Huang argue that the core goals of ICT are simply researching new technologies and selling more products [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015]. To achieve the latter, manufacturers have embraced structured obsolescence: the idea that a product has a limited lifespan and ought to be consumed and upgraded within a few years [@sterneOutTrashFuture2007]. This strategy is embedded in the manufacturing, marketing and even the naming of products [^naming]. It’s been embedded in consumer culture since the late 19th century, originally invented as a solution for overproduction [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. As a result, many devices have since been upgraded, replaced, devalued, and thrown out, before ever reaching their full potential [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]. It is exactly these machines we are looking for. So, where to find them?
[^naming]: Samsung Galaxy S8, iPhone 12s, Dyson V12 Absolute. The naming itself implies there’s a next version, making yours outdated by default.
[^no-longer-functional]: The spectrum of "still fine" and "no longer deemed as functional" is very wide; printers with discontinued cartridges, Blu-ray players , the infamous E.T. game that was buried, an iPhone 8 with a bad battery, or Spotify’s “Car Thing.”
I’ve identified 3 strategies for gathering the electronic hardware.
[^no-longer-functional]: The spectrum of "still fine" and "no longer deemed as functional" is very wide; printers with discontinued cartridges, Blu-ray players, the infamous E.T. game that was buried, an iPhone 8 with a bad battery, or Spotify’s “Car Thing.”
#### 1. Browsing the streets
I feel like good waste *“comes to you”*. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks have rarely paid off [^unbinair-waste]. Your chances depend heavily on local[^should-be-communicated]. waste policies and activities[^waste-activities]. In Rotterdam, you’ll find informal networks—WhatsApp and Facebook groups—sharing the locations of promising trash piles.
I’ve identified 3 strategies for gathering electronic hardware.
[^unbinair-waste]: Artist Unbinair, who works with reverse-engineering e-waste, points out that in the early 2000s, going in e-waste walks was benificial. Squatter communities actively repaired and reused these discarded devices. Now that e-waste is channeled into designated recycling centres, the waste stream has become more concealed, obstructing repair-based reuse.[@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022].
#### 1. Institutional discards
Offices, schools, museums, or other companies often replace their hardware every 5 years, whether it’s broken or not, due to tax incentives. If electronics aren’t central to their operations, their leftovers often gather dust. Keep your ears open, these forgotten machines could be your best source.
#### 2. Browsing the streets
I feel like good waste “comes to you”. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks have not paid off [^unbinair-waste]. Their chances depend heavily on local waste policies [^should-be-communicated] and activities[^waste-activities].
[^unbinair-waste]: Artist Unbinair, who works with reverse-engineering e-waste, points out that in the early 2000s, going on e-waste walks was more beneficial. and squatter communities actively repaired and reused these discarded devices. Now that e-waste is channeled into designated recycling centers, the waste stream has become more concealed, obstructing repair-based reuse [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022].
[^waste-activities]: In Rotterdam, there are various WhatsApp & Facebook groups exchanging geo locations for great trash.
[^should-be-communicated]: The municipality waste guide website & app of Rotterdam is not functioning and has not been updated since 2022
#### 2. Donations from friends & family
As you enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavors, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. Since a large portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value, most would be happy to find such a good destination as you [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. Might be time to check your own skeletons in the closet
#### 3. Institutional discards
Offices, schools, and other companies often replace their hardware every 5 years, whether it’s broken or not, due to tax incentives. But if electronics aren’t central to their operations, their leftovers often gather dust. These forgotten machines could be your best source.
#### 3. Donations from friends & family
As you enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavors, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. Since a sizable portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value, most would be happy to find such a good destination as you [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011].
## Infiltrating the waste stream
My attempts to create a more consistent waste-income through more official routes have not been very successful. These established waste streams, where trash is being collected, organised, and processed in multiple facilities, are quite difficult to discover. Rotterdam collects e-waste via official centers and drop-off bins, usually placed inside supermarkets. The emphasis in communnication is on bringing waste in. What happens after is vague, and leans heavily on the promise of a circular economy[^circulair-economy].
My attempts to create a more consistent waste-income through more official routes have not been successful, but maybe you offer a better proposal. These established waste streams, where trash is being collected, organized, and processed in multiple facilities, are difficult to trace. Rotterdam collects e-waste via official centers and drop-off bins, usually placed inside supermarkets. The emphasis is on bringing waste in. What happens after is vague and leans heavily on a promise of a circular economy[^circular-economy].
[^circulair-economy]: A model where everything is recycled, nothing is wasted, and new raw materials are never needed. A seductive but mostly mythical narrative, that keeps consumers consuming.
[^circular-economy]: A model where everything is recycled, nothing is wasted, and new raw materials are never needed. A seductive but mostly mythical narrative, that keeps consumers consuming.
Trying to engage with these streams differently—by salvaging, not just discarding—is nearly impossible. Access is restricted. The method of exchange is to translate the waste into monetary value, only being transported in the [bulk](https://my.stichting-open.org/productlist-external). It is not allowed to *take* form recycling centers: Solo salvaging is not invited in this transaction.
Alternatively, the devices can be returned to the manufacturer, through recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a customer journey [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the disposal responsibility but keeps the cycle of buying new unaltered.
Artist & reverse engineer Maurits Fennis calls for a change of question where, instead of inventing more products to “solve” the e-waste crisis, we rethink what e-waste is in the first place? [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022]
[^samsung]: For instance, Samsungs recycle program starts with “Step 1. Buy your new device with trade-in discount on samsung.com”‌.
Alternatively, the devices can be returned to the manufacturer, trough recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
Trying to engage with these streams differently, by salvaging, not just discarding, is nearly impossible. Access is tightly controlled. Waste is only moved when it can be translated into monetary value, and even then, only in bulk. Taking from recycling centers is prohibited; solo[^solo] salvaging has no place in this transaction.
[^samsung]: For instance, [Samsungs recycle program](https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/) starts with *“Step 1. Buy your new device with trade-in discount on samsung.com”‌*.
[^solo]: My attempts to establish a relationship with the secondhand shop failed. Out of pity I was allowed to snoop in their garbage bin (which was locked away and filled with goodies). Their waste was already part of a monetized system, and my presence didn’t fit.
My attempts to establish a relationship with the secondhand shop failed. Out of pity I was allowed to snoop in their garbage bin (which was locked away and filled with goodies). Their waste was already part of a monetized system, and my presence didn’t fit.
<!-- Artist & reverse engineer Maurits Fennis calls for a change of question where, instead of inventing more products to “solve” the e-waste crisis, we rethink what e-waste is in the first place? [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022] -->
## Pick your battles
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time period is it from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now?
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time dates it from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now?
If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.
If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.

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@ -3,20 +3,13 @@ title: "Dismantling"
type: Chapter
slug: true
front: true
images:
- src: /chapters/angles_2.JPG
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
- src: /chapters/angles.JPG
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
- src: /assets/components/PCB_1.JPG
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
---
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Find a workspace where you can easily move your device around and a container or a jar for all small parts & screws. To take the device apart, we will need some tools. Which specifically differ a bit per device, but this is what I have in my own toolkit:
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Let's set up a workspace where you can easily move your device around and keep track of small parts. To take the device apart, we will need some tools. Which specifically differ a bit per device, but this is what I have in my own toolkit:
#### To open devices
- A set of screwdrivers with various bits and sizes [^bits]
- Spudger or pick — *Used to pry open seams without damaging the casing.*
- Plastic spudger or pick — *Used to pry open seams without damaging the casing.*
- Saw or utility knife - *cut through plastic cases or stubborn sections.*
- Flat pliers - *for heavy duty pulling*
- Drill - *to drill trough stuck and damaged screws*
@ -33,14 +26,14 @@ Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device
- Battery powered speakers for listening + audio cable
- 9V batteries
[^bits]: Apple designed their own *pentalobe* screws for the. When first released in 2009, no hardwarestore sold these bits, locking you out of your device.
[^bits]: Apple designed their own *pentalobe* screws for their products. When first released in 2009, no hardware store sold these bits, locking you out of your device.
[^copper-wire]: These save you from stripping wires repeatedly. I found mine cheaply in the model-making store.
![Create a toolkit that works for you!](/chapters/toolkit_edited.webp){.img--fullpage}
## Opening the device
In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. But in most cases, we’re left to figure it out ourselves. Fortunately, online communities like IFixIt create their own teardown guides, that can sometimes give us a head start.
## Opening up
It's not always clear where to start. Grabbing a heavy duty tool immediate could result in permanent damage. It is better to start more carefully. In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. But in most cases, we’re left to figure it out ourselves. Fortunately, online communities like IFixIt create their own teardown guides, that can sometimes give us a head start.
[^repair-manual]: These manuals contain valuable information that can help you to understand the device and to take it apart. [![This repair manual that passed the (un)Repair Cafe contains a schematic, disassembly information, parts list and multiple trouble shooting guides](./chapters/trouble-shoot.png)](https://elektrotanya.com/panasonic_rs-768us.pdf/download.html#dl)
@ -57,13 +50,13 @@ If you manage to create a small slit gap in a seam, insert a thin plastic pic an
Disassembly is really about patience and finding those small gaps in the enclosures, pulling and pushing until you've dismantled the entire device. Did you manage? Amazing! you’re now staring at the messy, material reality of your device[^inside].
## Uncovering black boxes
Trough design choices like hiding screws, heat stakes[^heat-stakes], strong adhesive, and using 55 different kinds of screws, it becomes clear: the manufacturer really does not want you in there. They are black boxes by design, destened to become obsolete, as servicable are not available, and components are not interchangable.
Trough design choices like hiding screws, heat stakes[^heat-stakes], strong adhesive, and using various screw sizes, it becomes clear: the manufacturer really does not want you in there. These are black boxes by design, destined to become obsolete, as replacement parts are not available, and critical components are not interchangeable. The only option is to buy an entirely new product again.
These methods of black boxing are an attempt to keep us unconsciously incompetent, and increases the distance between the consumer and the materiality of the device. The modern laptop is silent, not giving any indication on whatever is happening on the inside, or even where the materials come from. It is only when something breaks, that their materiality becomes a reality again [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] [@emersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021].
These methods of black boxing are an attempt to keep us unconsciously incompetent, and increases the distance between the consumer and the materiality of the device. The modern laptop is silent, not giving any indication of whatever is happening on the inside, or its material origins. It is only when something breaks, that their materiality becomes a reality again [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] [@emersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021].
[^heat-stakes]: Plastic pins that are melted to hold parts in place
By opening the devices, however, we can rediscover materiality. In this, it becomes clear that what may appear so robust, seamless and futuristic on the outside is fragile, breakable and almost futile on the inside. With the *Multimeter* we can track the traces from the speaker to the microchip to the microphone. Or is there something else in between?
It is by opening the devices, however, that we can rediscover materiality. Then it becomes clear that what may appear so robust, seamless, and futuristic on the outside is fragile, breakable and almost futile on the inside. With the Multimeter we can track the traces from the speaker to the microchip to the microphone. Or is there something else in between?
[^inside]: The inside can tell you more about the time the device was made in. For instance, I mostly find aluminum and iron type materials on the inside of older machines.

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---
<ins>check all "also known ass"</ins>
Once you’ve broken your device down into its individual puzzle pieces, we can zoom in on them more closely. Chances are you uncovered one or more Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), and—very generally speaking—some kind of input and output components, all connected by several types of wire[^wires]. For example, inside a digital picture frame I found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, a two-sided PCB, and an antenna.
The inside of your device exists of multiple parts. Chances are you’ve uncoverd one or multiple Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) and *very generally speaking* some sort of input and output components, connected via a certain type of wire[^wires]. For instance, on the inside of a digital picture frame I’ve found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, one PCB and an antenna.
PCBs are populated with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are very small and soldered directly onto the board's surface. Their size makes labels hard to read, and they’re designed for automated assembly, making them impractical for salvage[^tried]. That’s why I rarely salvage from computer-type devices. These usually contain nothing but SMD components and lack interesting interactions or mechanical parts.
In general PCB's are populated with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are *extremely* tiny and soldered *on top of* a PCB. Their sizes makes their labels difficult to read, and they are only suitable for factory made PCB’s. This makes a large portion of parts unusable for salvage [^tried]. This is also why I never salvage from computers and smartphones. Too many tiny parts.
[^tried]: The biggest issue is the size of the legs, which are impossible to solder without making your own PCB's/I’ve made prototypes with cutting the entire PCB, using conductive ink, copper tape and charcoal pens. None of these strategies worked well.
[^tried]: The biggest issue is the size of the legs, which are impossible to solder without making your own PCB's. I’ve made prototypes with cutting the entire PCB, using conductive ink, copper tape and charcoal pens. None of the strategies worked well
[^wires]: Great for reuse as well!
## Desoldering
Desoldering parts is generally more difficult then soldering, and requires patience and practice. Ironically, desoldering guns are much more expensive then soldering irons, so here’s how i do it, without one.
Desoldering components is generally more difficult than soldering and requires patience and practice. Ironically, desoldering guns are much more expensive than soldering irons, so here’s how I do it, without one.
In a well ventilated[^well-ventilated] room, heat up the blob of solder thas connects the part to the PCB using a soldering iron. After a couple of seconds, you’ll notice the solder becomes liquid[^liquid]. Then, using tweezers or a plier, i carefully pull the leg out from the backside of the board, and then do the same for the other legs. This process can take somewhere between 10 seconds and 10 minutes, and can be really frustrating.
In a well-ventilated[^well-ventilated] room, heat up the blob of solder that connects the component to the PCB using a soldering iron. After a couple of seconds, you’ll notice the solder becomes liquid[^liquid]. Then, using tweezers or a plier, I carefully pull the leg out from the backside of the board, and then do the same for the other legs. This process can take somewhere between 10 seconds and 10 minutes and can be both frustrating and meditative.
[^liquid]: How fast this happens, is dependand on the temprature of the soldering iron, and the melting point of the solder that is on the board. If it won’t melt, adding a bit of your own solder helps.
[^liquid]: How fast this happens depends on the temperature of the soldering iron and the melting point of the solder that is on the board. If it won’t melt, adding a bit of your own solder helps.
[^well-ventilated]: whilest modern device cannot contain led anymore, older solder will. Do not lick the PCB, clean your hands after and open a window.
[^well-ventilated]: whilst modern devices cannot contain lead anymore, older solder will. Do not lick the PCB, clean your hands after and open a window.
## Parts
There are an almost infinite number of parts[^interchangeable_part] that can be found in electronic devices. Some you’ll see in nearly every device, such as resistors, others are more rare. In the next few pages I’ll briefly address some of the more common components. If you want to know more about what each component specifically does, I recommend *Getting started in electronics* [@mimsGettingStartedElectronics1983].
## Common components
In the next few pages, I’ll briefly address some of the more common components. If you want to know more about what each component specifically does, I recommend *Getting started in electronics* [@mimsGettingStartedElectronics1983].
Some parts can easily be identified, by recognising. Others can be more difficult. Looking up their datasheet online can provide information about what it is the thing does. A datasheet can be found by looking up a part number[^part-number]
Many components, like transistors and chips, have datasheets available online. You can usually find them by entering the part number, often printed directly on the component[^unless], into a search engine. While datasheets can be overwhelming and full of technical jargon, they typically show a pinout, explaining what each leg does, and a description of the component's behavior.
[^part-number]: Some product manufactures are really protective of their parts, and scratch of the part numbers/
A lot of parts, like transistors or chips, have their datasheets published online. By looking up the part number in a search engine, they can be found. In these cases, the part number is written on top of the component[^unless]. Datasheets contain a scary amount of information about the part, 99% I do not understand. But they do show which leg is what, and give a bit more insight what kind of part you’re looking at.
[^unless]: Since the manufacturer didn’t think you ever needed to know which oddly specific chip you’re looking at, and deliberately scratched it off.
[^interchangeable_part]: <ins> To research [interchangable parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts#Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries:_dissemination_throughout_manufacturing) n.a.v. deze [post](https://northcoastsynthesis.com/news/preferred-values-for-resistors-and-capacitors/)</ins>
[^unless]: Since the manufacturer didn’t think you ever needed to know which oddly specific chip you’re looking at, they sometimes deliberately scratched it off.
::: {.table-wide}
| **Name** | **Category** | **Description** | **Found in** | **Symbol** | **Value** |
|------------------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| **555 Timer** | IC | A small chip that generates pulses | Timers, LED dimmers | | |
| **Capacitor** | Capacitor | Store a voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) | Farads (F) |
| **Coil** | Passive Component | These funky components can create sounds on their own | Transformers, relays, wireless charging | ![](./assets/schematics/Inductor-COM-Air.svg) | |
| **Crystal Oscillator** | Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | | Frequency (MHz) |
| **Diode** | Diode | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-Standard.svg) | |
| **Displays** | Display | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | _nvt_ | |
| **LED (Light Emitting Diode)** | Diode | Emit a small light | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-LED.svg) | |
| **Logic chips** | IC | Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits | | |
| **MOSFET** | IC | Not sure yet | Power supplies, motor control | | Threshold voltage (V) |
| **Magnet** | Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | _nvt_ | |
| **Microcontroller** | IC | Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 | Embedded systems, Arduino, automation | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) | |
| **Microphone** | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-IEEE-Microphone.svg) | |
| **Motor** | Electromechanical Device | Spins when a power is applied | Printers, blenders, vacuums | ![](./assets/schematics/motor.png) | Voltage (V), Current (A) |
| **NPN Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-NPN.svg) | |
| **Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier)** | IC | Amplifying signals | Audio circuits, sensors, control systems | ![](./assets/schematics/IC-COM-OpAmp.svg) | |
| **PCB** | Misc | Where the circuit is placed on | Everywhere! | | |
| **PNP Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-PNP.svg) | |
| **Piezo disc** | Ouput/Input | Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors | | |
| **Potentiometer** | Resistor | Limiting voltage trough a knob | Volume knobs, light dimmers | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Potentiometer.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Relay** | Electromechanical | Switches power | Household appliances | ![](./assets/schematics/Relay-COM-COM-SPDT.svg) | |
| **Resistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Standard.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Speaker** | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radio’s | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-COM-Loudspeaker.svg) | Impedance (Ω) |
| **Stepper motor** | Electromechanical Device | Device that creates a step based movement | Printers, disk drives, hard drives, 3d printers | | |
| **Switches & buttons** | Input | Interact with the device | Light switches, keyboards | ![](./assets/schematics/Switch-COM-SPST.svg) | |
| **Thermistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage dependant on temperature | Not sure yet | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Thermistor.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Trimpots** | Resistor | Limit voltage trough a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Trimmer.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Voltage regulators** | Passive Component | Not sure yet | Power supplies, embedded systems | | |{#link-sf .btn-read-more}
| **Name** | **Category** | **Description** | **Found in** | **Symbol** |
|------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| **555 Timer** | Chip | A small chip that generates pulses | Timers, LED dimmers | |
| **Capacitor** | Capacitor | Store a voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) |
| **Coil** | Passive | These funky components can create sounds on their own | Transformers, relays, wireless charging | ![](./assets/schematics/Inductor-COM-Air.svg) |
| **Crystal Oscillator** | Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | |
| **Diode** | Passive | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-Standard.svg) |
| **Displays** | Output | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | |
| **LED** | Output | Emit a small light | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-LED.svg) |
| **Logic chips** | Chip | Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits | |
| **MOSFET** | Chip | Not sure yet | Power supplies, motor control | |
| **Magnet** | Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | |
| **Microcontroller** | Chip | Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 | Embedded systems, Arduino, automation | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) |
| **Microphone** | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-IEEE-Microphone.svg) |
| **Motor** | Output | Spins when a power is applied | Printers, blenders, vacuums | ![](./assets/schematics/motor.png) |
| **NPN Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-NPN.svg) |
| **Op-Amp** | Chip | Amplifying signals | Audio circuits, sensors, control systems | ![](./assets/schematics/IC-COM-OpAmp.svg) |
| **PNP Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-PNP.svg) |
| **Piezo disc** | Ouput/Input | Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors | |
| **Potentiometer** | Resistor | Limiting voltage through a knob | Volume knobs, light dimmers | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Potentiometer.svg) |
| **Relay** | Switch | Switches power | Household appliances | ![](./assets/schematics/Relay-COM-COM-SPDT.svg) |
| **Resistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Standard.svg) |
| **Speaker** | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radios | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-COM-Loudspeaker.svg) |
| **Switches & buttons** | Input | Interact with the device | Light switches, keyboards | ![](./assets/schematics/Switch-COM-SPST.svg) |
| **Thermistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage dependent on temperature | Not sure yet | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Thermistor.svg) |
| **Trimpots** | Resistor | Limit voltage through a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Trimmer.svg) |
| **Voltage regulators** | Chip | Not sure yet | Power supplies, embedded systems | | | |{#link-sf .btn-read-more}
:::

34
src/content/components/0_resistor.md
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usage: "A resistor limits the current going trough. This amount of *resistance* is expressed in Ohm (Ω)"
whereToFind: Everywhere!
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg.png
alsoKnownAs: "knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor"
alsoKnownAs: "knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor, dial"
---
You’ll find many resistors in almost any electronic product and schematic. It’s good to have a bunch of resistors in various values at hand. Their values can range from 1 ohm to 10.000.000 ohms. The colored bands on a resister can tell you their value In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.
You’ll find resistors in nearly every electronic device and schematic. It’s useful to keep a wide range of values around, from 1 ohm up to 10 million ohms. Their colored bands indicate their value. In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.
Variable resistors such as *photo resistors* and *potentiometers* are fantastic. Always salvage them, and their knobs.[^knobs] They allow for interaction with your circuit.
Variable resistors—like photoresistors and potentiometers—are especially worth salvaging, along with their knobs[^knobs]. They make your circuit interactive with your circuit.
[^knobs]: In Rotterdam you’ll find an surprising amount of gas stoves on the streets, ready to be picked up by a garbage truck. I always grab their knobs just by pulling them off.
[^knobs]: I've found a lot of old gas stoves left out for trash collection. They often have nice knobs, that can be pulled off without need for tools.
### Other types of resistors
- Photo resistor\
*Their resistance is based on the amount of light detected*
- Potentiometer\
*Their resistance can be controlled by a knob*
- Stereo potentiometers
*This potentiometer can control two circuits at once, usually used for stereo audio*
- Slide Potentiometer
*Their resistance can be controlled by a slider*
- Trimpots
*These precision variable resistors with a screwdriver. Usually seen in circuits where you might want to tune some things*
### Types of resistors
- carbon or metal film resistor
* Comes in different values, marked with color bands*
- Photoresistor
*Changes resistance based on amient light levels.*
- Potentiometer
*A knob-controlled resistor.*
- Stereo potentiometer
*Controls two channels at once, often used for stereo audio.*
- Slide potentiometer
*A slider-controlled resistor.*
- Trimpot
*A small, precise variable resistor you adjust with a screwdriver, used for circuit calibration.*
- Thermistor
*Their resistance is based on the temprature they detect*
*Changes resistance based on temperature.*

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src/content/components/1_capacitor.md
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- src: ./components/Capacitors.webp
alt: 'The various sizes of Capacitors'
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Types_of_capacitor.svg/460px-Types_of_capacitor.svg.png
alsoKnownAs: "Caps, condenser"
alsoKnownAs: "cap, condenser"
---
Capacitors come in all sizes. I’ve seen capacitors as big as a coffee cup, and the SMD ones are so small they are barely visible. They are passive components that can be found in most electronic circuits. There is a wide variety of types available, like ceramic capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, etc, each having their own properties.
Electrolytic capacitors specifically, do not age well. Fully unused they have lifespan of 2 to 3 years [@jangUnplannedObsolescenceHardware2017]. The capacitors can start to leak, spreading a yellow guey material over the PCB, that can be cleaned up.
Capacitors come in all sizes. I’ve seen ones as big as a coffee cup, and SMD types so small they’re barely visible. Like resistors, these passive components appear in nearly all circuits and store small amounts of electricity. This is measured in farads (F).
### Salvaging Capacitors safely
Capacitors store electricity, even after being disconnected from power. Accidentally touching the legs of a charged capacitor can give you a shock. Larger capacitors, such as the ones found in camera flashes or television sets, can store a dangerous amount of electricity. Make sure to always discharge the capacitors before storing them away.
:::{.table-inline}
| Capacitor Type | Typical Value Range | Dielectric Material | Polarised |
|-----------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Ceramic | 1 pF – 100 nF | Ceramic (e.g., C0G/NP0) | No |
| Electrolytic (Aluminum)| 0.1 µF – 10,000 µF | Aluminum oxide | Yes |
| Film | 1 nF – 10 µF | Polyester, Polypropylene | No |
:::
This process releases the electronic charge from the capacitor. I do this by connecting the two legs of a capacitor together using a screwdriver. This can cause a small spark, as you’ve just created a short circuit. As long as you stay away from the big capacitors in TV’s and camera flashes, this method is fine.
### Salvaging capacitors safely
Capacitors store electricity even after power is cut. Touching a charged one can shock you. Larger types, like those in camera flashes or TVs, can store a dangerous amount. Always discharge big capacitors before storing. I do this by shorting the legs with a screwdriver. This may cause a small spark, as you’ve just created a short circuit.
### Testing capacitors
You can verify the capacitors capacitance with a multimeter. My multimeter doesn't have a capacitance setting, but this is not a necessity. Set the multimeter continuity mode, where it'll give a beep if there is continuity. Test a discharged capacitor by touching the legs of the capacitor with the probes of the multimeter. If there is no sound, or a continuous volume/pitch, the capacitor is dead. Otherwise, it's fine. Surprisingly, so far, *most* of the capacitors that I’ve tested (that didn’t visually leak ) passed the test, and were still usable.
Electrolytic capacitors don’t age well. Left unused, they have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years [@jangUnplannedObsolescenceHardware2017]. After that, they can leak, spreading a yellow gooey material over the PCB, causing other connections to malfunction.
You can verify the capacitor's capacitance with a multimeter. In continuity mode, which beeps if there’s a connection, Touch both legs of the discharged capacitor with the probes: no sound, or a continuous volume/pitch, the capacitor is dead. Otherwise, it’s fine. Surprisingly, most of the capacitors that I’ve tested (that didn’t visually leak) passed the test and were still usable, even the electrolytic ones.

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src/content/components/chips.md
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alt: 'A chip sooooo small the picture has to be blurry'
usage: Being a black boxed monolith
whereToFind: Everywhere!
alsoKnownAs: "chip, IC, Intergrated Circuit"
alsoKnownAs: "IC, Intergrated Circuit"
---
Typically, when checking out a PCB, I will immediately check all IC, or "Intergrated Circuits", by putting the part number in an online search engine. There are a few I'm always looking for as they are commonly used in the building of simple synthesizers, and these are **Op-Amps** and **CMOS logic chips**. Additionally, you could be lucky and discover a microcontroller, allowing you to flash your own program. To my surprise I found a microcontroller in a LED lamp, but I haven't managed to figure it out yet.
Chips, or integrated circuits, are tiny black boxes packed with microscopic components. You’ll find them on nearly every modern circuit board. Some handle small, specific tasks, like controlling LEDs, while others run full operating systems.
## The difficulty of prototyping with IC's
Not only are loads of schematics published online based around (oddly specific) IC's, they tend to break very fast. I cannot count the number of time the number of times I've accidently put a chip in upside down, causing the + and - to be flipped, and burning out the chip within seconds. In a world of plenty you'd just replace the chip with a new one, but in the reality of working with salvaged hardware, this is not that easy.
Let the size not fool you. The creation of a chip, from toxic chemicals to the black container, involves around 300 steps, during which 99% of material byproduct is discarded, creating hazardous waste sites [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. So, if there is one part worth salvaging, it’s this one.
<ins>Discuss materiality of chips, remainders of IC development</ins>
<ins>History of IC's in Digital Rubbish</ins>
Unfortunately, as modular as they might seem, reusing chips is not plug 'n play. While some are common and well-documented, most are obscured and specific. For instance, reusing the network chip found in a USB phone can lead to a rabbit hole of reverse engineering. And then you find a another phone that has a slightly different chip, and the process starts all over again.
### Common chips to look out for[^expectations]
- 555 Timer
*This chip can generate audible pulses. This can be used as a sound source on its own, or to trigger other circuits, or control motors.*
- Op-Amps (e.g., TL072, TL074, LM358)
*Op-amps are used to amplify signals, and therefore used in loads of sound-related applications*
- CD40106
*A Schmitt trigger inverter can generate audible frequencies that can be tuned. They are often the core of oscillator schematics.*
- CD4017
*A Decade counter is often used for linear step sequencers.*
- microcontrollers
*If you’re lucky, you can reflash the microcontroller and write your own program.*
[^expectations]: In the last 6 months of searching, I’ve found only a couple of op-amps, one trigger inverter (that I blew by using it upside-down), and no 555 timers...

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alt: 'This would be a great alt text'
---
In many ways the holy grail of component salvaging! They are very practical to stack up on, as you can never have enough audio jacks, knobs, buttons, power connectors, etc.
Inputs and outputs are often the most visible parts of an electronic device—and among the most accessible to salvage.
<ins>Might be interesting - how at the slooplab kids saw network cables for the first time. There is nothing as era-defining as technology. You can guess the movie year mostly on the phones the characters are using.</ins>
:::{.table-inline}
| Output Type | Use Case | Salvage Source | Notes |
|------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Small Speaker | Sound output | Toys, radios, phones | Easy to test with multimeter |
| Piezo Element | Beeps, tone generation | Toys, alarms | Also works as a contact mic |
| Buzzer | Alerts, notifications | Printers, timers | Sometimes active (has circuit) |
| LED | Visual feedback | Everything | Test with resistor + power |
| Segment Display | Numeric output | Clocks, microwaves | Usually driven by shift registers |
| LCD/OLED Screen | Visual interface | Phones, media players | Often undocumented, tricky reuse |
:::
It is with these components that salvaging often begins (and ends), because they are the parts that are most often visible on the outside, and thus carry the cultural context of the device. But this visibility is a double-edged sword: it risks turning salvaging and recycling into solely aesthetic choices, causing the possibility of *greenwashing* your practice.
Recycling facilities, manufactures and product design universtiries often tend to focus on *recycling*, when talking about reducing e-waste. But among the levels of circularity _reduce, reuse, repair, recycle, refuse_, recycling is the least effective. More then half of material is lost when going trough the recycling process, and often includes the shipping of the waste to countires where labour is cheap and less environmental laws causing a toxic process for the workeres and the environemnt[@ifixitRecyclingDestruction] [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [@rouraCircularDigitalDevices2021]. Shredding a phone doesn’t just lose raw material; it erases the labor, energy, and environmental costs embedded in its original creation. And then—often—a new phone replaces it.
Our practice—building instruments, experimenting with electronics—sits outside this loop. It’s not just post-consumption; it’s _pre-production_. We're back at the beginning, making something new from what already exists. That’s why how we present our instruments matters. Not as market-ready eco-products with cheerful music, but as a refusal to pretend reuse is clean or easy. Recycling is the last resort. Making is the first.
Richards argues that *Object Hood* is the central theme of DIY/repurposing. Trough hacking and bending you can amplify certain propoperties of the object. [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017]. Trough the use of piezo discs, where you can amplify the material, or utalising the electromagnetic field, found in dc motors.

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---
title: Outputs
type: Outputs
description: This is the description
images:
- src: ./components/Resistors.JPG
alt: 'This would be a great alt text'
---
Generally, I've identified "Speakers" and "Displays" in this area. It would be great if salvaging displays was worth it, reverse engineering this is horrible.
<ins>Handmade electronics - turning speakers into microphones?</ins>

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alsoKnownAs: "Protoboard, breadboard, circuit"
---
Printed Circuit Boards, or PCB's, are the plates on which the circuit is placed. Although technically a PCB is not needed, as you could create all connections with just wire, they can be found everywhere. The first PCB's were added to consumer products in the 1950's. Their handdrawn traces are recognisable by their curvynes, and the PCB's are either single layer(one side) or double layer (front & back). Contemporary PCB's are digitally designed and usually multi-layer, allowing for a small footprint, but making it very difficult to repair.
Printed Circuit Boards, or PCBs, are the panels on which the electronic circuit is placed. Older boards often reveal hand-drawn traces, which are much more fluid in design. With computerized PCB design, those lines straightened out. Most PCBs are made from FR4 (glass fiber and epoxy)[^fiberglass].
<ins>Book recommendation by Joak https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27176861M/The_looting_machine</ins>
<ins>About the issues with PCB manufacturing and recycling it's minerals</ins>
<ins>Material of the PCB</ins>
[^fiberglass]: Fiberglass is very strong, but can be sawn through. When sawing, make sure you wear the right protection, microfibers can end up anywhere.
<ins>annotated PCB’s</ins>
The copper tracks on a PCB are usually covered with a green protective layer, known as solder mask. Sand this off and to expose the copper underneath, ready to solder onto again.
Most boards are labeled. They can include a date, information about connections, component numbering[^component-numbering], and sometimes even their their values [^monotron].
## The blob
Have you spotted “The Blob” yet? This is every circuit benders worst nightmare. The blob is meant to protect certain bare parts of a PCB, but is also known as a type of reverse engineering protection.
Not all PCBs follow the industrial template. Artists and other tinkerers have come up with alternatives: the paper circuits of Ciat-Lonbarde, or Dirty Electronics’ boards made from wood and nails. For our circuits, these approaches are ideal—still flexible, still open to change.
[^component-numbering]: The schematic contains references to the component number, helping with debugging.
[^monotron]: Some devices take this idea further. The Korg Monotron includes extra patch points directly on the board for DIY mods and expansions.

17
src/content/components/transistor.md
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usage: "A transistor is a switch that is controlled trough voltage"
whereToFind: Everywhere!
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg.png
alsoKnownAs: "Knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor"
alsoKnownAs: "switch, BJT "
---
The transistor is a switch that can be operated by applying a small voltage to one of the legs, causing another leg to "open" or "close". Which leg does what depends on the type of transistor, which can be found in the datasheet. Transistors can be influenced by ambient temperature[^touch], and therefore are usually placed in pairs to cancel each other out. Next to switching, transistors can also be used to amplify signals.
A transistor is a tiny switch that controls a large current with a smaller one. Depending on its type, applying a small voltage to one leg causes another to “open” or “close.” This way, transistors can amplify signals or switch things on and off. You’ll find them near power supplies, audio paths, and logic circuits. They are sometimes glued to a heatsink to shed excess heat. They’re sensitive to ambient temperature, which makes them interactive in sound devices [^bend-transistor].
Transistors come in many shapes and sizes. Some are meant to dissipate heat, and are connected to a heatsink, they are ususally near a power source.
[^bend-transistor]: In sound circuits, touching a transistor heats it up, which can alter the sound.
<ins>Remy & Huang stipt Moore's law en Jevons paradox aan als voorbeelden waarom het een enorme uitdaging is om obscolescence tegen te gaan (Remy & Huang, 2015). **Moore's Law** is de voorspelling dat het aantal transistors in een IC elk jaar verdubbeld. Dit insinueert en speelt in op het idee dat je elke twee jaar je IC's moet upgraden, omdat je anders achterloopt, en creeert de illusie dat innovatie en ontwikkeling oneindig is. (“Moore’s Law,” wikipedia 2025) **Jevons paradox** is het effect dat opspeelt wanneer door technologische ontwikkeling een resource efficienter wordt (minder gebruikt) de vraag juist vergroot. Denkende aan de computer die eerst een kamer vulde, en nu zijn er datacenters van honderden vierkante kilometers.</ins>
The transistor is often seen as an accelleration point in computing history. It replaced big and expensive vacuum tubes, paving the way for portable radios, cheap toys, and eventually the silicon chip. Theories like Moore's law[^moore] creates an expectation of constant upgrading, where your computer will be obsolete in two years time, and the illusion of infinite growth.
<ins>EN ook moores law hier:
Structured obsolescence is an economic strategy whereby a consumer technology is manufactured with the assumption that it has a limited life span and will need replacement with a newer and upgraded model within a given number of years. This logic benefits manufacturers and attempts to build a company’s financial future based on consumer band loyalty. The concept of structured obsolescence is hardwired into consumer technologies ranging from the refrigerator to the radio, from the computer to the car, and has been operational in the consumer products industry since the late nineteenth century. One of its effects has been to generate an excess of functional machines that are never exploited to their full potential. They are only partially used and then discarded when a new version, model, or upgrade becomes available on the market. Contemporary junkyards, thrift shops, and garages have become shrines to structured obsolescence. In these secondhand commerce zones lies an unwieldy accumulation of machines with low use-value precisely because they have already been used.6 uit [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]
</ins>
[^touch]: When circuit bending, transistors are great to touch, as the heat of your finger could alter the sound.
<ins>About Moore's law and transistors - and what kind of an expectation that creats</ins>
<ins>Also ; transistors and synthesizers are a good combo</ins>
This miniturization of components did not result in a more efficicient use of technology. On the contrary, Jevons’ Paradox shows that increased efficiency in the production process would lead to even more resource consumption. [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015] [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]

2
src/content/thesis-in-iai-writer.md
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1-dismantling.md
2-component-salvaging.md
0_resistor.md
1_capacitor.md
chips.md
inputs.md
outputs.md
pcb.md
0_resistor.md
transistor.md
3-recipes.md

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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/layout.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/typography.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/table.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/style.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/paged.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/media.css">

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src/templates/snippets/page-cover.jinja
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{%- macro showCoverPage(chapter, documents, index) -%}
<header class="page--cover">
<section class="meta">
@ -12,14 +12,5 @@
</section>
<h3>Chapter {{index}}</h3>
<h1>{{chapter['title']}}</h1>
{% if chapter['nested'] %}
<ul class="list--frontpage">
{% for nest in documents[chapter['nested']]|sort(attribute='order') %}
<li><h3>{{nest['title']}}</h3></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
</header>
{%- endmacro -%}
{%- endmacro -%}