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vitrinekast
2025-04-20 19:59:35 +02:00
parent 9969572358
commit bb8a2deb38
23 changed files with 471 additions and 2449 deletions
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9
.fleet/run.json
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@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
{
"configurations": [
{
"type": "command",
"name": "Command configuration",
"command":
}
]
}

2133
apa.csl
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

16
app.py
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@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ SRC_ASSETS = "src/assets"
documents = {}
now = datetime.now()
word_count = 0
ins_count = 0
def imageSpread(params):
global documents
@ -82,6 +83,11 @@ def prettydate(value, format="%d/%m/%Y"):
return datetime.fromtimestamp(int(value)).strftime(format)
def get_ins_count(html_string):
global ins_count
cnt = len(re.findall(r'<\s*ins\b', html_string, re.IGNORECASE))
return cnt
# jinja filter to replace shortcodes in HTML
def shortcode_filter(value):
@ -263,21 +269,24 @@ def get_inventory():
def get_wordcount():
global word_count
global word_count, ins_count
word_count += count_words_in_markdown(documents["thesis"].body)
for section in ["chapters", "components", "recipes"]:
for c in documents[section]:
if section == "recipes" or c["filename"] != "index":
count = count_words_in_markdown(c.body)
print(f"{c['filename']}: has {count} words")
icount = get_ins_count(c.body)
word_count += count
ins_count += icount
print(f"{c['filename']} or {c['title']}: has {count} words and {icount} todos, totalling {word_count}")
print(f"word count: { word_count} ")
documents["meta"]["count"] = word_count
def main():
print("....Start putting together a new document....")
get_inventory()
preload_documents()
@ -299,8 +308,9 @@ def main():
shutil.rmtree(OUT_ASSETS)
shutil.copytree(SRC_ASSETS, OUT_ASSETS)
global ins_count
print(f"total words: {word_count}")
print(f"total ins left: {ins_count}")
main()

271
library.bib
View File

@ -37,16 +37,17 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/LTRYTQS2/charles-r-acland-residual-media_pdf -- Xerox WorkCentre 5655 -- fd5e0a915ed3fdf92f48da0ca8009c71 -- Anna’s Archive-1.pdf}
}
@misc{Apple8217sRecyclingProgram2025,
title = {Apple\&\#8217;s {{Recycling Program Forced Recyclers}} to {{Shred Over}} 530,000 {{Repairable iPhones}}},
year = {2025},
month = mar,
@misc{aragonWarrantyVoidStickers2023,
title = {Warranty {{Void Stickers}}: {{Are}} They Legal Outside the {{US}}?},
shorttitle = {Warranty {{Void Stickers}}},
author = {Aragon, Noah},
year = {2023},
month = apr,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-03-25},
abstract = {With Earth Day approaching, Apple is bragging about their ``free'' iPhone recycling program---meanwhile, reports say they\&\#8217;re forcing recyclers to shred hundreds of thousands of repairable products.},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/News/94386/the-truth-about-apples-free-iphone-recycling-program-the-earth-deserves-better},
urldate = {2025-04-20},
abstract = {Most of the time, you shouldn't be scared of self\&\#x2d;repair, no matter what a sticker says.},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/FL76BU2I/the-truth-about-apples-free-iphone-recycling-program-the-earth-deserves-better.html}
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/SCEPGCMA/warranty-void-stickers-are-illegal-in-the-us-what-about-elsewhere.html}
}
@techreport{baldeGlobalEWasteMonitor2024,
@ -94,7 +95,6 @@
}
@phdthesis{blasserStoresMall2015,
type = {Master of {{Arts}}},
title = {Stores at the {{Mall}}},
author = {Blasser, Peter},
year = {2015},
@ -177,16 +177,40 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6G8IIDT5/article.pdf}
}
@article{chokkattuWhatYourDefunct2025,
@misc{chamberlainApple8217sRecyclingProgram2024,
title = {Apple\&\#8217;s {{Recycling Program Forced Recyclers}} to {{Shred Over}} 530,000 {{Repairable iPhones}}},
author = {Chamberlain, Elizabeth},
year = {2024},
month = apr,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-03-25},
abstract = {With Earth Day approaching, Apple is bragging about their ``free'' iPhone recycling program---meanwhile, reports say they\&\#8217;re forcing recyclers to shred hundreds of thousands of repairable products.},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/News/94386/the-truth-about-apples-free-iphone-recycling-program-the-earth-deserves-better},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/FL76BU2I/the-truth-about-apples-free-iphone-recycling-program-the-earth-deserves-better.html}
}
@misc{chamberlainHomeboyElectronicsTurns2021,
title = {Homeboy {{Electronics Turns Junk}} into {{Jobs}}. {{Right}} to {{Repair Could Help}}.},
author = {Chamberlain, Elizabeth},
year = {2021},
month = jul,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-03-25},
abstract = {Homeboy Electronics Recycling hires former prisoners to repair 15,000 devices a year, but they\&\#8217;re running into software locks and hurting for manuals.},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/News/51286/homeboy-electronics-turns-junk-into-jobs-right-to-repair-could-help},
langid = {english}
}
@misc{chokkattuWhatYourDefunct2025,
title = {What to {{Do With Your Defunct Humane Ai Pin}}},
author = {Chokkattu, Julian},
year = {2025},
month = feb,
journal = {Wired},
issn = {1059-1028},
urldate = {2025-03-13},
abstract = {Humane Ai's Pins stopped working today, turning the year-old wearable into a paperweight. Here are some ideas for what to do with yours if you want to avoid e-waste.},
chapter = {tags},
howpublished = {https://www.wired.com/story/what-to-do-with-your-humane-ai-pin/},
langid = {american},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/J4U6SVG3/what-to-do-with-your-humane-ai-pin.html}
}
@ -292,28 +316,41 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/D6EBFKZU/popupforcollaborativemusicmaking.wordpress.com.html}
}
@misc{editorNightmareRealHP,
title = {The Nightmare Is Real: {{HP}} Makes Printing a Monthly Subscription},
shorttitle = {The Nightmare Is Real},
author = {Editor, Senior and {PCWorld}},
journal = {PCWorld},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
abstract = {HP launches the All-In Plan, charging up to \$36 per month for a limited number of printed pages, plus potential overage and cancellation fees.},
howpublished = {https://www.pcworld.com/article/2251993/the-nightmare-is-real-hp-makes-printing-a-subscription.html},
@article{emersonMediaArcheologyLab2017,
title = {Media {{Archeology Lab}}: {{Experimentation}}, {{Tinkering}}, {{Probing}}. {{Lori Emerson}} in Conversation with {{Piotr Marecki}}},
shorttitle = {Media {{Archeology Lab}}},
year = {2017},
journal = {Przegl{\k a}d Kulturoznawczy},
volume = {33},
issn = {20843860},
doi = {10.4467/20843860PK.17.030.7800},
urldate = {2025-01-05},
collaborator = {Emerson, Lori and Marecki, Piotr},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/VXQZT9BS/the-nightmare-is-real-hp-makes-printing-a-subscription.html}
keywords = {read},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/EHFWEG5S/2017 - Media Archeology Lab Experimentation, Tinkering, Probing. Lori Emerson in conversation with Piotr M.pdf}
}
@misc{EssentialPhoneTeardown2017,
title = {Essential {{Phone Teardown}}},
year = {2017},
month = aug,
journal = {iFixit},
@misc{emersonReclaimingFutureOld,
title = {Reclaiming the {{Future}} with {{Old Media}}},
author = {Emerson, Lori},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
abstract = {There's a newbie in the smartphone scene, and it's bringing a whole lot less to the table. That's right, in a world of \&quot;more is better,\&quot; this phone...},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Essential+Phone+Teardown/96764},
howpublished = {https://works.hcommons.org/records/m3p4w-4d331},
keywords = {Black Boxism},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/XNBP5RKQ/Reclaiming the Future with Old Media.pdf}
}
@misc{emersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021,
title = {Six ({{Difficult}} and {{Inconvenient}}) {{Values}} to {{Reclaim}} the {{Future}} with {{Old Media}}},
author = {Emerson, Lorie},
year = {2021},
month = nov,
journal = {loriemerson},
urldate = {2025-01-05},
abstract = {Below is the pre-print version of a book chapter I wrote for The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities, edited by James O'Sullivan and forthcoming in 2022. Gratitude to James for the {\dots}},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/3CLBB35B/96764.html}
keywords = {Black Boxism,to summarise},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/2PN2LXDW/loriemerson-net-20.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/UULUI9MB/six-difficult-and-inconvenient-values-to-reclaim-the-future-with-old-media.html}
}
@article{fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022,
@ -395,19 +432,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/XAC25TL3/TOD8_DEPLETION_DESIGN.pdf}
}
@misc{GalaxyUpcyclingHow2025,
title = {Galaxy {{Upcycling}}: {{How Samsung Ruined Their Best Idea}} in {{Years}}},
shorttitle = {Galaxy {{Upcycling}}},
year = {2025},
month = mar,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-03-25},
abstract = {Samsung had a revolutionary approach to reusing old Galaxy phones four years ago. We were an excited partner. What happened to Galaxy Upcycling?},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/News/50450/samsung-galaxy-upcycling-unlocked-smartphone-smarthome-project},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/D929VFGX/samsung-galaxy-upcycling-unlocked-smartphone-smarthome-project.html}
}
@inproceedings{gegenbauerIPodsAtarisPolaroids2012,
title = {{{iPods}}, {{Ataris}}, and {{Polaroids}}: A Personal Inventories Study of out-of-Use Electronics in {{Swiss}} Households},
shorttitle = {{{iPods}}, {{Ataris}}, and {{Polaroids}}},
@ -440,6 +464,34 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/ZI4GLGJ3/Jackson - 2014 - Rethinking Repair.pdf}
}
@misc{hachmanNightmareRealHP2024,
title = {The Nightmare Is Real: {{HP}} Makes Printing a Monthly Subscription},
shorttitle = {The Nightmare Is Real},
author = {Hachman, Mark},
year = {2024},
month = feb,
journal = {PCWorld},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
abstract = {HP launches the All-In Plan, charging up to \$36 per month for a limited number of printed pages, plus potential overage and cancellation fees.},
howpublished = {https://www.pcworld.com/article/2251993/the-nightmare-is-real-hp-makes-printing-a-subscription.html},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/VXQZT9BS/the-nightmare-is-real-hp-makes-printing-a-subscription.html}
}
@misc{havardEssentialPhoneTeardown2017,
title = {Essential {{Phone Teardown}}},
shorttitle = {Essential {{Phone Teardown}}},
author = {Havard, Scott},
year = {2017},
month = aug,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
abstract = {There's a newbie in the smartphone scene, and it's bringing a whole lot less to the table. That's right, in a world of \&quot;more is better,\&quot; this phone...},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Essential+Phone+Teardown/96764},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/3CLBB35B/96764.html}
}
@book{heimsCyberneticsGroup1991,
title = {The Cybernetics Group},
author = {Heims, Steve J.},
@ -463,7 +515,7 @@
isbn = {978-0-262-04493-6},
langid = {english},
lccn = {N72.E53 H47 2023},
keywords = {Maker movement,summarised},
keywords = {Black Boxism,Maker movement,summarised},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/E8IXZVMU/Hertz - 2023 - Art + DIY electronics.pdf}
}
@ -529,17 +581,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/ZK479XQZ/web.archive.org-Vague Terrain 19 Schematic as Score.pdf}
}
@misc{HomeboyElectronicsTurns2025,
title = {Homeboy {{Electronics Turns Junk}} into {{Jobs}}. {{Right}} to {{Repair Could Help}}.},
year = {2025},
month = mar,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-03-25},
abstract = {Homeboy Electronics Recycling hires former prisoners to repair 15,000 devices a year, but they\&\#8217;re running into software locks and hurting for manuals.},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/News/51286/homeboy-electronics-turns-junk-into-jobs-right-to-repair-could-help},
langid = {english}
}
@book{horowitzArtElectronics2024,
title = {The Art of Electronics},
author = {Horowitz, Paul and Hill, Winfield},
@ -810,9 +851,9 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/XFGEV94M/Principles of Perma-Hybridity.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/HYCEANK3/principles-of-perma-hybridity.html}
}
@misc{lulinvegaHolisticApproachComputing,
@misc{lulinvegaPermacomputing,
type = {Wiki},
title = {A Holistic Approach to Computing and Sustainability Inspired from Permaculture.},
title = {Permacomputing},
author = {Lu Linvega, Devine},
journal = {Devine Lu Linvega's journal},
urldate = {2025-01-05},
@ -887,10 +928,16 @@
urldate = {2025-04-07},
abstract = {Permacomputing is a nascent concept and a community of practice centred around design principles that embrace limits and constraints as a positive thing in computational culture, and on creativity with scarce computational resources. As a result, permacomputing aims to provide a countervoice to digital practices that promote maximisation, hyper-consumption and waste. It seeks to encourage practices as an applied critique of contemporary computer technology that privileges maximalist aesthetics where more pixels, more frame rate, more computation and more power equals more potential at any cost and without any consequences. We believe that such a critical practice can be relevant to artists, designers and cultural practitioners working with computer and network technology who are interested in engaging with environmental issues. This is particularly relevant given the tendency in art, design and cultural production to rely on tools and techniques designed to maximise productivity and mass consumption.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {toppertje},
keywords = {Black Boxism,toppertje},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/7FSUWZ2X/Mansoux et al. - 2023 - Permacomputing Aesthetics Potential and Limits of Constraints in Computational Art, Design and Cult.pdf}
}
@article{marloesdevalkSalvagedComputing,
title = {Salvaged Computing},
author = {{Marloes de Valk}},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/MQW7QESH/PDF document.pdf}
}
@article{matternMaintenanceCare2018,
title = {Maintenance and {{Care}}},
author = {Mattern, Shannon},
@ -921,31 +968,13 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/F7BJZJB4/A Political Ecology of the Repair Manual.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/CVR3A5FM/step-by-step-repair-manuals-political-ecology.html}
}
@article{MediaArcheologyLab2017,
title = {Media {{Archeology Lab}}: {{Experimentation}}, {{Tinkering}}, {{Probing}}. {{Lori Emerson}} in Conversation with {{Piotr Marecki}}},
shorttitle = {Media {{Archeology Lab}}},
year = {2017},
journal = {Przegl{\k a}d Kulturoznawczy},
volume = {33},
issn = {20843860},
doi = {10.4467/20843860PK.17.030.7800},
urldate = {2025-01-05},
langid = {english},
keywords = {read},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/EHFWEG5S/2017 - Media Archeology Lab Experimentation, Tinkering, Probing. Lori Emerson in conversation with Piotr M.pdf}
}
@misc{mersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021,
title = {Six ({{Difficult}} and {{Inconvenient}}) {{Values}} to {{Reclaim}} the {{Future}} with {{Old Media}}},
author = {Merson, Lorie},
year = {2021},
month = nov,
journal = {loriemerson},
urldate = {2025-01-05},
abstract = {Below is the pre-print version of a book chapter I wrote for The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities, edited by James O'Sullivan and forthcoming in 2022. Gratitude to James for the {\dots}},
langid = {english},
keywords = {to summarise},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/2PN2LXDW/loriemerson-net-20.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/UULUI9MB/six-difficult-and-inconvenient-values-to-reclaim-the-future-with-old-media.html}
@misc{mauro-fludePermacomputingDanceRepair,
title = {Permacomputing and the {{Dance}} of {{Repair Amid}} the {{Vestiges}} of {{Digital Obsolescence}} << {{Performing}} the {{Internet}}},
author = {{Mauro-Flude}, Nancy},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
langid = {american},
keywords = {Obsolescence},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/3J4Y723V/Permacomputing and the Dance of Repair Amid the Vestiges of Digital Obsolescence « Performing the In.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/RNSDL2A2/the-dance-of-repair-amid-the-vestiges-of-digital-obsolescence.html}
}
@inbook{millsHearingAidsHistory2012,
@ -967,10 +996,10 @@
author = {Mims, Forrest M.},
year = {1983},
edition = {4. ed., 13. printing},
publisher = {Master Publ},
publisher = {Master Publishing},
address = {Niles, Ill},
isbn = {978-0-945053-28-6},
langid = {english},
langid = {american},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/WVMHNRFB/Mims - 2014 - Getting started in electronics a complete electronics course in 128 pages!.pdf}
}
@ -1160,7 +1189,7 @@
journal = {Flow Journal},
urldate = {2025-03-10},
langid = {american},
keywords = {check note},
keywords = {Black Boxism,check note},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/CBWNSJTQ/Barbara - 2013 - Media Fixes Thoughts on Repair Cultures Lisa Parks University of California, Santa Barbara – Flow.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/5SP7QZRD/media-fixes-thoughts-on-repair-cultures.html}
}
@ -1176,12 +1205,11 @@
langid = {english}
}
@misc{PermacomputingDanceRepair,
title = {Permacomputing and the {{Dance}} of {{Repair Amid}} the {{Vestiges}} of {{Digital Obsolescence}} << {{Performing}} the {{Internet}}},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
langid = {american},
keywords = {Obsolescence},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/3J4Y723V/Permacomputing and the Dance of Repair Amid the Vestiges of Digital Obsolescence « Performing the In.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/RNSDL2A2/the-dance-of-repair-amid-the-vestiges-of-digital-obsolescence.html}
@misc{PermacomputingPrinciples,
title = {Permacomputing {{Principles}}},
urldate = {2025-03-14},
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/Principles/},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/TBYIGTHI/Principles.html}
}
@misc{PermacomputingViznut,
@ -1215,11 +1243,18 @@
keywords = {summarised}
}
@misc{Principles,
title = {Principles},
urldate = {2025-03-14},
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/Principles/},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/TBYIGTHI/Principles.html}
@misc{purdyGalaxyUpcyclingHow2021,
title = {Galaxy {{Upcycling}}: {{How Samsung Ruined Their Best Idea}} in {{Years}}},
shorttitle = {Galaxy {{Upcycling}}},
author = {Purdy, Kevin},
year = {2021},
month = may,
journal = {iFixit},
urldate = {2025-03-25},
abstract = {Samsung had a revolutionary approach to reusing old Galaxy phones four years ago. We were an excited partner. What happened to Galaxy Upcycling?},
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/News/50450/samsung-galaxy-upcycling-unlocked-smartphone-smarthome-project},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/D929VFGX/samsung-galaxy-upcycling-unlocked-smartphone-smarthome-project.html}
}
@inproceedings{raghavanMacroscopicallySustainableNetworking2016,
@ -1238,12 +1273,6 @@
langid = {english}
}
@misc{ReclaimingFutureOld,
title = {Reclaiming the {{Future}} with {{Old Media}}},
urldate = {2025-04-14},
howpublished = {https://works.hcommons.org/records/m3p4w-4d331}
}
@article{remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015,
title = {Limits and Sustainable Interaction Design: Obsolescence in a Future of Collapse and Resource Scarcity},
shorttitle = {Limits and Sustainable Interaction Design},
@ -1354,15 +1383,30 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/WJS3URT5/Richards - 2018 - Speculative Sound Circuits.pdf}
}
@misc{RightRepairGiving,
@misc{robinmitchellRightRepairGiving2017,
title = {The {{Right To Repair}}: {{Giving Consumers}} the {{Ability}} to {{Fix}} Their {{Own Electronics}} - {{News}}},
shorttitle = {The {{Right To Repair}}},
author = {{Robin Mitchell}},
year = {2017},
month = dec,
urldate = {2025-01-28},
abstract = {Many U.S. states are considering a bill to give consumers the protected right to repair their own electronics without fear of manufacturer retaliation.},
howpublished = {https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/right-to-repair-laws-for-consumer-electronics/},
langid = {english}
}
@misc{robinmitchellWhat2017sPotential2017,
title = {What 2017's {{Potential Component Shortage Means}} for {{Design Engineers}} - {{News}}},
author = {{Robin Mitchell}},
year = {2017},
month = sep,
urldate = {2025-01-28},
abstract = {Veteran engineers and market forecasters alike have fears of an impending component shortage this year. What evidence is there to suggest such a claim and if true, how will engineers be affected?},
howpublished = {https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/what-2017s-potential-component-shortage-means-for-design-engineers/},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/FKZVA9QW/what-2017s-potential-component-shortage-means-for-design-engineers.html}
}
@article{rodgersPinkNoisesWomen,
title = {Pink {{Noises}}: {{Women}} on {{Electronic Music}} and {{Sound}}},
author = {Rodgers, Tara},
@ -1398,11 +1442,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/4XTV5G7X/salvage_computing.html}
}
@article{SalvagedComputing,
title = {Salvaged Computing},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/MQW7QESH/PDF document.pdf}
}
@misc{selwynWhatMightDegrowth2022,
title = {What Might Degrowth Computing Look Like?},
author = {Selwyn, Neil},
@ -1416,13 +1455,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/ABFRIUPV/PDF document.pdf;/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/9ZAFPFDB/2022 - What might degrowth computing look like.html}
}
@misc{Signin,
title = {Signin},
urldate = {2025-04-15},
howpublished = {https://login.oerol.nl/login?client\_id=5bc7qo8bkmtroe5oia7kdhpbov\&redirect\_uri=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fservice.oerol.nl\%2Faccount\%2Fexternal-authentication\&response\_type=code\&state=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZXJ2aWNlLm9lcm9sLm5sL2Zvcm1zLzkzYmU4YzMyLTc3MjgtNDNmZC04MDYxLWI5ODZlYmIxOWUzZA},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/EDJ3HRJL/login.html}
}
@book{sladeMadeBreakTechnology2006,
title = {Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in {{America}}},
shorttitle = {Made to Break},
@ -1610,15 +1642,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/JJTTH8SA/Wershler-Henry et al. - 2021 - The lab book situated practices in media studies.pdf}
}
@misc{What2017sPotential,
title = {What 2017's {{Potential Component Shortage Means}} for {{Design Engineers}} - {{News}}},
urldate = {2025-01-28},
abstract = {Veteran engineers and market forecasters alike have fears of an impending component shortage this year. What evidence is there to suggest such a claim and if true, how will engineers be affected?},
howpublished = {https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/what-2017s-potential-component-shortage-means-for-design-engineers/},
langid = {english},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/FKZVA9QW/what-2017s-potential-component-shortage-means-for-design-engineers.html}
}
@misc{zaffarRiseFrankensteinLaptops2025,
title = {The Rise of `{{Frankenstein}}' Laptops in {{New Delhi}}'s Repair Markets},
author = {Zaffar, Hanan},

67
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20
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45
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@ -4,61 +4,72 @@ type: Chapter
slug: true
front: false
---
>> The real long-term future of computing consists of figuring out how to make the best possible use we can out of the literal millions of devices which already exist.
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)</cite>
Beware! If you’ve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAWless, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, noise boxes using an alternative resource: trash, you’ve come to the right place.
Beware! If you’ve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAW-less, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, noise boxes using an alternative resource: trash, you’ve come to the right place.
When I first read about salvage computing, I got very excited. Being part of the DIY Sound community, I’ve developed a growing discomfort with some aspects of the practice. Over the past few years, I’ve hosted workshops around circuit bending[^circuit-bending] and LOFI sound devices in and around Rotterdam. These workshops are meant as an accessible way to get people tinkering with electronics, through something infinitely playful: making instruments[^playful].
[^circuit-bending]: the practice around hacking discarded toys to find sonic potential through creating shorts, or sometimes literally bending the circuit.
[^playful]: Making instruments is a great way to learn about and work with the *flow* of electricity
[^playful]: Making instruments is an engaging way to learn about and work with the flow of electricity
In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^printer-subscription], disruptive products become obsolete within a year[^AI-pin], fixing flat tires is outsourced [^swapfiets] and some smartphones literally have to be frozen [^frozen] to be able to replace the battery, it’s clear we’re no longer in charge of our own devices. Warranty-void stickers and lengthy terms and conditions scare us into compliance. I’ve noticed how empowering these first-time soldering workshops can be in taking back this autonomy by making (or breaking) a circuit together. They are a shared attempt to uncover some of the black boxes in our own products[@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. However, the toys and materials used in the workshops are single-use [^single-use] and, with ease, thrown out afterward. The carelessness notion creeps in that waste has no value, and is easily replaceable, and broke my heart a bit, one workshop at a time.
In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^printer-subscription], disruptive products become obsolete within a year[^AI-pin], fixing flat tires is outsourced [^swapfiets] and some smartphones literally have to be frozen [^frozen] to be able to replace the battery, it’s clear we’re no longer in charge of our own devices. Warranty-void stickers and lengthy terms and conditions scare us into compliance. I’ve noticed how empowering these first-time soldering workshops can be in taking back this autonomy by making (or breaking) a circuit together. They are a shared attempt to uncover some of the black boxes in our own products [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. However, the toys and materials used in the workshops are single-use [^single-use] and, with ease, thrown out afterward. The carelessness notion creeps in that waste has no value, and is easily replaceable, and broke my heart a bit, one workshop at a time.
[^printer-subscription]: HP’s “all-inclusive” printers can only be used with an active subscription [@editorNightmareRealHP]
[^printer-subscription]: HP’s “all-inclusive” printers can only be used with an active subscription [@hachmanNightmareRealHP2024].
[^AI-pin]: Humane Inc. Ai Pin closed their servers within one year after releasing their “Ai Pin”. Now, you can only ask this piece of hardware how many batteries it has left. [@chokkattuWhatYourDefunct2025]
[^AI-pin]: Humane Inc. Ai Pin closed their servers within one year after releasing their *A.I. Pin*. Now, you can only ask this piece of hardware how many batteries it has left. [@chokkattuWhatYourDefunct2025]
[^swapfiets]: [Swapfiets](https://swapfiets.nl/service#support) promote their bike subscriptions as “We give you a bike that you never have to repair”
[^swapfiets]: Swapfiets promote their bike subscriptions as “We give you a bike that you never have to repair”
[^frozen]: The Nothing Phone scored a 1/10 in iFixit's repairability score [@EssentialPhoneTeardown2017]
[^frozen]: The Nothing Phone scored a 1/10 in iFixit's repairability score [@havardEssentialPhoneTeardown2017]
[^single-use]: but often required much preparation in terms of collecting, transporting, repairing, testing, cleaning, prepare.
This is where the field guide comes into play: Can we shift the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the waste streams they are part of? Limiting ourselves to only use salvaged components and discovering; is it possible to *live off* (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what would such a practice entail?
[^waste-streams]: on the contrary of neatly prepping everything beforehand and being in charge of the cleaning afterward.
Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Waste is not only obsolete media but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic product; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to the inevitable disposal site [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Since the rate at which waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace as our collective buying and production, the landfills will continue to grow. Parikka even goes as far to say as that recycling is ultimately "trade-waste", where our abandoned devices are shipped across the ocean [@parikkaDustMatter2012]
[^single-use]: and often required much preparation in terms of collecting, transporting, repairing, testing, and cleaning.
This is where the field guide comes into play: Can we shift the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the waste streams they are part of? Limiting ourselves to only use salvaged components and discovering; is it possible to live off (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what would such a practice entail?
Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Waste is not only obsolete media but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic product; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to the inevitable disposal site [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Since the rate at which waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace as our collective buying and production, the landfills will continue to grow. Parikka even goes as far to say as that recycling is ultimately "trade-waste", where our abandoned devices are shipped across the ocean [@parikkaDustMatter2012].
## Beyond the kit
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing about a project it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics, or even sell it as a pre-compiled kit[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY, which is about making do with what you have, with a focus on doing, and not the "thing" [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound boxes, preventing the development of much-needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing a project, it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics or even sell it as a pre-compiled kit[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY, which is about making do with what you have, with a focus on doing, and not the "thing" [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound boxes, preventing the development of much-needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
[^KIT]: ![Kit from Bastl Instruments](/assets/chapters/bastl_kit.webp)
<ins>Echt foto's maken...</ins>
Instead, what we're building is a starting point. Small electronic circuits that make sound on their own, but you can also duplicate, manipulate, and modulate into something entirely different.
On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. When I write about how things work, please take it with a grain of salt. This guide represents my personal understanding, which, no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. When in doubt, ask a friend!
![A sound box](https://placehold.co/600x400){.img--fullpage}
Instead, what you will learn to build using this guide, is a starting point. Small electronic circuits that make sound on their own, but as you learn more about electronic thinkering, you can also duplicate, manipulate, and modulate into something entirely different.
<ins>plz explain that this text not only explores the questions above, but also wants to share insights with others, what this text is (field guide with a twist), for who it is meant (in a little more detail than the very first paragraph) and in which context it is written (the grad project)? (that would situate the text and answer some of the questions Aymeric had while reading).</ins>
The guide is split up into five chapters, each focusing on a different stage of salvaging for sound devices:
#### 1. Gathering hardware
*We'll go through which devices work for salvaging, and where to find them. And talk about dealing with hidden waste streams and obsolescence.*
oke dit gaat over de waste streams en waarom dingen weggeooien: over dat bedrijven strategieen in place hebben om je het idee te geven dat je je spullen moet upgraden
#### 2. Dismantling devices
Discovery of strategies that manufacturers use to keep you out of their devices
hier gaat het weer meer over black boxing en planned obsolesence, dus dat het sowieso stuk gaat i guess
En ook over de service manual
#### 3. Components to salvage
*An overview of parts to salvage, how to identify them, and how to reuse them*
Hier gaan we dan door te kijken naar componenten zien hoe de planned obsolesence in elkaar steekt
#### 4. Recipes for making
*strategies for making with salvaged parts, and ways to modify the devices.*
#### 5. Taking inventory
*Cleaning up the inventory and looking back*
Happy scavenging!
<ins> Introduce yourself first (if you haven't already by giving more context about your project above). Describe your practice and what you bring to this guide (experience as a live coder, musician, designer etc. THEN you can give a disclaimer about not being an expert in electronics (you are an expert in many other fields and this expertise makes this field guide so interesting!</ins>
On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. When I write about how things work, please take it with a grain of salt. This guide represents my personal understanding, which, no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. When in doubt, ask a friend!

40
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@ -9,42 +9,52 @@ front: true
When salvaging for parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside, but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional]. These devices can be a literal goldmine of working parts that could be repurposed, as their inner parts probably still function, it’s the stylistic obsolescence [^stylistic-obsolescence] that is the problem.
<ins>Here, I would like to go much more into detail about obsolescence and the different ways it presents itself so that I can refer back to it at a later point. Using [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] & [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]</ins>
<ins>dit gaat dus over dat bedrijven strategieen in place hebben om je te laten geloven dat alles geupgrade moet worden</ins>
Remy & Huang state that the main goals of ICT is researching new technologies and selling more products [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015]. To address the latter, companies have pushed for structured obsolescence; the idea that a product has a limited lifespan and will be consumed and upgraded within a few years is embedded in the manufacturing, marketing and even the naming of the product [^naming]. The strategy has been active in the consumer product since the end of the 19th centry as a proposed soltution for overproduction [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012], resulting in many devices that since have been upgraded, replaced, devalued and thrown out, before ever reaching their full potential [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]. It is exactly these machines we are looking foor. So, where to find them?
[^naming]: Samsung Galaxy 16, iPhone 12s, even the dyson stofzuiger has version control. This clearly states that there will be a newer version, and yours will be outdated for sure.
[^no-longer-functional]: The spectrum of "still fine" and "no longer deemed as functional" is very wide. Think about printers for which their specific cartridges are no longer produced, Blu-ray players, the E.T. game that was buried, that iPhone 8 with a bad battery, Spotify's "Car Thing", etc.
[^stylistic-obsolescence]: **stylistic obsolescence** The idea that objects can go out of fashion and therefore should be replaced every season [@sterneOutTrashFuture2007]
I’ve identified 3 strategies for gathering the electronic hardware.
I’ve identified 3 strategies for gathering the electronic hardware.
##### 1. Browsing the streets
I feel like good waste *“comes to you”*. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks has not been very fruitful for me. The success is dependent on where you live and the waste regulations and activities[^waste-activities]. Information about waste management should[^should-be-communicated] be communicated via the municipality[^unbinair-waste].
#### 1. Browsing the streets
I feel like good waste *“comes to you”*. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks has not been very fruitful for me [^unbinair-waste]. The success is dependent on where you live and the waste regulations and activities[^waste-activities]. Information about waste management should[^should-be-communicated] be communicated via the municipality.
[^unbinair-waste]: <ins>I would like to mention the hidden waste streams discussed in [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022]</ins>
[^unbinair-waste]: Artist unbinair, who works with reverse-engineering e-waste states that in the early 2000’s it was much easier to find e-waste on the streets. <ins>I would like to mention the hidden waste streams discussed in [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022]</ins>
[^waste-activities]: In Rotterdam, there are various WhatsApp & Facebook groups exchanging geo locations for great trash.
[^should-be-communicated]: The municipality waste guide website & app of Rotterdam is not functioning and has not been updated since 2022.
##### 2. Donations from friends & family
#### 2. Donations from friends & family
As you enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavors, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. Since a large portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value, most would be happy to find such a good destination as you. Additionally, might be time to check your own skeletons in the closet [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011].
##### 3. Institutional discards
Institutions where electronic hardware is not their day-to-day business, usually do not have a systematic solution for their e-waste. Due to tax regulations in the Netherlands, many have a system in place to replace their hardware (printers, computers, etc. ), every 5 years. The remainder are put in storage. This could be you!
#### 3. Institutional discards
Institutions where electronic hardware is not their day-to-day business, usually do not have a systematic solution for their e-waste. Due to tax regulations in the Netherlands, many have a system in place to replace their hardware (printers, computers, etc. ), every 5 years. The remainder are put in storage. This could be you!
## Outside of the system
My attempts to create a more consistent waste stream through more “official” routes have not been very successful. These established waste streams, where trash is being collected, organised, and processed in multiple facilities, are quite difficult to discover[^difficult]. Usually the method of exchange is to translate the waste into monetary value, only being sold in the bulk. Solo salvaging is not invited in this transaction.
## Infiltrating the waste stream
My attempts to create a more consistent waste-income through more official routes have not been very successful. These established waste streams, where trash is being collected, organised, and processed in multiple facilities, are quite difficult to discover. For consumers, Gemeente Rotterdam encourages the disposal of electronic devices via recycling centres or in so called drop-off boxes, found in supermarkets and other public spaces. The communication done by the companies and stichtingen that facilitate these location is very much geared towards getting the consumer to bring their waste. There is very little mention of what happens afterwards, and the idea is introduced that there is a full *circulair economy*[^circulair-economy] providing a 100% recycled thing.
Hier kun je evt iets zeggen over Ontology Of Electronic Waste
Activly engaging with these waste-streams, not only by bringing in but also salvaging from, is not possible. Usually the method of exchange is to translate the waste into monetary value, only being sold in the [bulk](https://my.stichting-open.org/productlist-external). It is not allowed to *take* form recycling centers: Solo salvaging is not invited in this transaction.
[^difficult]: where some are happy to say everything is eco-friendly, not all feel like showing who their partners are.
[^circulair-economy]: the idea of a closed loop economy, where a 100% of a recycled product is being reused in the production of new products, and no new materials are needed.
Artist & reverse engineer Maurits Fennis calls for a change of question where, instead of introducing more products to solve the e-waste problem, we must reimagine what e-waste actually is. [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022]
Alternatively, the devices can be returned to the manufacturer, trough recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
[^samsung]: For instance, [Samsungs recycle program](https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/) starts with *“Step 1. Buy your new device with trade-in discount on samsung.com”‌*.
My attempts to establish a relationship with the secondhand shop[^broken] have not been successful, but maybe you’re able to propose a better deal. Out of pity I was allowed to snoop in their garbage bin (which was locked away and filled with goodies). Their waste was already part of a monetized system, and my presence didn’t fit.
The recycling center is also
HMR and other electronics salvagers boast about their environmentally friendly practices, but what remains unspoken and invisible is the way toxic e-waste flows from Western postindustrial to Asian developing countries.2
uit [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]
[^broken]: I figured they’d have a lot of devices being donated that are broken, and I’d love to take those.
## Pick your battles
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time period is it from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now? If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time period is it from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now?
If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.

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@ -12,47 +12,68 @@ images:
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
---
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Find a workspace where you can easily move your device around, and a container or a jar for all small parts & screws.
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Find a workspace where you can easily move your device around and a container or a jar for all small parts & screws. To take the device apart, we will need some tools. Which specifically differ a bit per device, but this is what I have in my own toolkit:
#### To open devices
- A set of screwdrivers with various bits and sizes [^bits]
- Spudger or pick — *Used to pry open seams without damaging the casing.*
- Saw or utility knife - *cut through plastic cases or stubborn sections.*
- Flat pliers - *for heavy duty pulling*
- Drill - *to drill trough stuck and damaged screws*
- Tweezers
#### For salvaging & making
- Multimeter — *Tests components for continuity, resistance, or voltage.*
- Soldering iron & solder
- Desoldering pump
- Solder wick
- Flux
- Alligator clips - *quickly make connections without soldering*
- Thin copper wire[^copper-wire]
- Battery powered speakers for listening + audio cable
- 9V batteries
[^bits]: Apple designed their own *pentalobe* screws for the. When first released in 2009, no hardwarestore sold these bits, locking you out of your device.
[^copper-wire]: These save you from stripping wires repeatedly. I found mine cheaply in the model-making store.
![Create a toolkit that works for you!](/chapters/toolkit_edited.webp){.img--fullpage}
### Some tools for opening devices
- A set of screwdrivers with various bits [^bits]
- A plastic “thing” (e.g. a plectrum, or a dull plastic knife)
- A saw/knife to cut away plastic
- A drill to drill trough damaged screws
[^bits]: To make your life a bit more difficult; Apple designed their very own "Pentalobe" screws. At the time, no store sold the right screwdriver for these screws, and using an incorrect screwdriver could damage the screws of your macbook, making it even more difficult to get inside.
## Opening the device
In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. These service manuals contain valuable information that can help you to understand the device and to take it apart. Unfortunately, most of the devices I’ve taken apart did not publish their service manuals, meaning we have to figure it out ourselves. Luckily, there are online communities that create their own dismantling guides[^lack].
In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. But in most cases, we’re left to figure it out ourselves. Fortunately, online communities like IFixIt create their own teardown guides, that can sometimes give us a head start.
[^repair-manual]: These manuals contain valuable information that can help you to understand the device and to take it apart. [![This repair manual that passed the (un)Repair Cafe contains a schematic, disassembly information, parts list and multiple trouble shooting guides](./assets/chapters/2/trouble-shoot.png)](https://elektrotanya.com/panasonic_rs-768us.pdf/download.html#dl)
Let’s take a look at the device. Can you spot any screws? They might be hidden behind warranty stickers[^warranty] or tucked away behind obscure corners. I find it helpful to follow the seams of the casing. Especially with plastic enclosures, it’s not just screws—look for small tabs or glue holding things together.
[^warranty]: Warranty stickers are not legally binding, as warranties are dictated by consumer laws [@aragonWarrantyVoidStickers2023].
If you manage to create a small slit gap in a seam, insert a thin plastic pic and carefully push it along the seam. There might be small tabs holding the casing together. If the manufacturer really didn’t want you to get in there, they’ve glued it all up, and it is impossible to get in the device without causing permanent damage[^permanent].
[^permanent]: A hot air gun could help to dissolve the glue, or you could cut out the plastic using a knife or drill.
Disassembly is really about patience and finding those small gaps in the enclosures, pulling and pushing until you've dismantled the entire device. Did you manage? Amazing! you’re now staring at the messy, material reality of your device[^inside].
## Uncovering black boxes
Trough design choices like hiding screws, heat stakes[^heat-stakes], strong adhesive, and using 55 different kinds of screws, it becomes clear: the manufacturer really does not want you in there. They are black boxes by design, destened to become obsolete, as servicable are not available, and components are not interchangable.
These methods of black boxing are an attempt to keep us unconsciously incompetent, and increases the distance between the consumer and the materiality of the device. The modern laptop is silent, not giving any indication on whatever is happening on the inside, or even where the materials come from. It is only when something breaks, that their materiality becomes a reality again [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] [@emersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021].
[^heat-stakes]: Plastic pins that are melted to hold parts in place
By opening the devices, however, we can rediscover materiality. In this, it becomes clear that what may appear so robust, seamless and futuristic on the outside is fragile, breakable and almost futile on the inside. With the *Multimeter* we can track the traces from the speaker to the microchip to the microphone. Or is there something else in between?
[^inside]: The inside can tell you more about the time the device was made in. For instance, I mostly find aluminum and iron type materials on the inside of older machines.
<ins>wat hier nog een beetje in mist is de eigen practice</ins>
::: {.image-list}
![This PCB has used ribbon wires to make an angled connection. This makes disconnecting, and later putting it back, a difficult task](/chapters/angles_2_edited.webp)
![Following the seams of the device](https://placehold.co/600x400)
![This speaker had no visible screws on the outside. 4 screws where found removing glued on protective caps](/chapters/dismanteling_2.webp)
![The last screw was even better hidden. It was found behind a sticker labeling the two input ports of the device](/chapters/dismanteling_edited_noise2.webp)
[^repair-manual]: ![Preview of the manual](./assets/chapters/2/trouble-shoot.png) [This](https://elektrotanya.com/panasonic_rs-768us.pdf/download.html#dl) repair manual that passed the Repair Club contains a schematic, disassembly information, parts list and multiple trouble shouting guides.
[^lack]: [IFixIt](https://ifix.com/) is known for their teirdown guides online, and work in the Right to Repair movement. <ins>heroic masculinity</ins>
Let’s take a look at the device. Do you spot any screws? They might be hidden behind stickers noting you that you are now voiding your warranty[^warranty]. I found it helpful to follow the seams of the material of the device since, especially with plastics, it’s not just screws holding your device together.
[^warranty]: These warranty stickers are not always legally binding. Do you have the receipt for something you found in the bin? In case you do, since the adoption of *Common Rules to Promote the Repair of Goods* manufacturers are prohibited from using contracts, hardware, or software to restrict product repairs [@CurrentStateRight2024]. <ins>Not sure how to cite this report (yet) </ins>
If you’ve managed to get a gap in a seam somewhere, stick a thin plastic “thing” in there and carefully push it along the seam. There might be tiny tabs holding the parts together. If the manufacturer really didn’t want you to get in there, they’ve glued it all up, and it is impossible to get in the device without causing permanent damage [^black-box]. A hot air gun could help to dissolve the glue (I’m afraid of melting plastic), or you could cut out the plastic using a knife or drill.
This process really is about finding small gaps in the enclosures[^black-boxism], until you’ve dismantled the entire device. Did you manage? Amazing! You're now looking at all of the inner bits and pieces of your device, made up of all kinds of materials [^inside].
[^black-box]: These glued up personal devices are clearly not made to be opened. They are black boxes by design, designed to become obsolete [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. <ins>verder over black boxes (maar miss op een ander punt, bijv. bij een device specifiek)</ins>
[^black-boxism]: slowly removing the outer layer of your black box, revealing the inner mechanisms.
[^inside]: The inside can tell you more about the time the device was made in. For instance, I mostly find aluminum and iron type materials on the inside of older machines.
<!-- <ins>I will include a series of pictures that show the different issues that arise when opening a device; for instance: the following of the seam to click open the little tabs, the screws hidden behind stickers, warrenty stickers and messages </ins>
<ins>I would like to include more about the Right to Repair, and how the manual could be part of the object itself (page 14 of [@matternStepStepThinking2024] en pagina 2 van [@parksCrackingOpenSet2000])</ins> -->
:::

98
src/content/chapters/2-component-salvaging.md
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@ -6,42 +6,31 @@ nested: "components"
front: true
---
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
<ins>check all "also known ass"</ins>
<ins>FOTO of multiple PCB’s</ins>
<ins>FOTO of THT or SMD components</ins>
The inside of your device exists of multiple parts. Chances are you’ve uncoverd one or multiple Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) and *very generally speaking* some sort of input and output components, connected via a certain type of wire[^wires]. For instance, on the inside of a digital picture frame I’ve found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, one PCB and an antenna.
The inside of your device exists of multiple parts. Chances are you’ve uncoverd one or multiple Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) and *very generally speaking* some sort of input and output components, connected via a certain type of wire[^wires]. For instance, on the inside of a digital picture frame I’ve found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, one PCB and an antenna.
In general PCB's are populated with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are *extremely* tiny and soldered *on top of* a PCB. Their sizes makes their labels difficult to read, and they are only suitable for factory made PCB’s. This makes a large portion of parts unusable for salvage [^tried]. This is also why I never salvage from computers and smartphones. Too many tiny parts.
Some parts can easily be identified, by recognising. Others can be more difficult. Looking up their datasheet online can provide information about what it is the thing does. A datasheet can be found by looking up a part number[^part-number]
[^part-number]: Some product manufactures are really protective of their parts, and scratch of the part numbers/
In general PCB's are populated with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are *extremely* tiny and soldered *on top of* a PCB. Their sizes makes their labels difficult to read, and they are only suitable for factory made PCB’s. This unfortunatly makes a large portion of parts unusable for the kind of salvage we are doing, altough there might be ways [^tried]. This is also why I never salvage from computers and smartphones. Too many tiny parts.
[^tried]: I’ve made prototypes with cutting the entire PCB, using conductive ink, copper tape and charcoal pens. None of these strategies worked well.
[^tried]: The biggest issue is the size of the legs, which are impossible to solder without making your own PCB's/I’ve made prototypes with cutting the entire PCB, using conductive ink, copper tape and charcoal pens. None of these strategies worked well.
[^wires]: Great for reuse as well!
## The blob
Have you spotted “The Blob” yet? This is every circuit benders worst nightmare[^the-blob]. The blob is meant to protect certain bare parts of a PCB, but is also known as a type of reverse engineering protection.
[^the-blob]: although it is rumoured that that circuit bending guy has a method
## Desoldering
Desoldering parts is generally more difficult then soldering, and requires patience and practice. Ironically, desoldering guns are much more expensive then soldering irons, so here’s how i do it, on the cheapsees:\
Desoldering parts is generally more difficult then soldering, and requires patience and practice. Ironically, desoldering guns are much more expensive then soldering irons, so here’s how i do it, without one.
In a well ventilated[^well-ventilated] room, heat up the blob of solder thas connects the part to the PCB using a soldering iron. After a couple of seconds, you’ll notice the solder becomes liquid[^liquid]. Then, using tweezers or a plier, i carefully pull the leg out from the backside of the board, and then do the same for the other legs. This process can take somewhere between 10 seconds and 10 minutes, and can be really frustrating.
In a well ventilated[^well-ventilated] room, heat up the blob of solder thas connects the part to the PCB using a soldering iron. After a couple of seconds, you’ll notice the solder becomes liquid[^liquid]. Then, using tweezers or a plier, i carefully pull the leg out from the backside of the board, and then do the same for the other legs. This process can take somewhere between 10 seconds and 10 minutes, and can be really frustrating.
[^liquid]: How fast this happens, is dependand on the temprature of the soldering iron, and the melting point of the solder that is on the board. If it won’t melt, adding a bit of your own solder helps.
[^well-ventilated]: whilest modern device cannot contain led anymore, older solder will. Do not lick the PCB, clean your hands after and open a window.
[^well-ventilated]: whilest modern device cannot contain led anymore, older solder will. Do not lick the PCB, clean your hands after and open a window.
## Parts
There are an almost infinite number of parts[^interchangeable_part] that can be found in electronic devices. Some you’ll see in nearly every device, such as resistors, others are more rare. In the next few pages I’ll briefly address some of the more common components. If you want to know more about what each component specifically does, I recommend *Getting started in electronics* [@mimsGettingStartedElectronics1983].
There are an almost infinite number of parts[^interchangeable_part] that can be found in electronic devices. Some you’ll see in nearly every device, such as resistors, others are more rare. In the next few pages I’ll briefly address some of the more common components. If you want to know more about what each component specifically does, I recommend *Getting started in electronics* [@mimsGettingStartedElectronics1983].
Some parts can easily be identified, by recognising. Others can be more difficult. Looking up their datasheet online can provide information about what it is the thing does. A datasheet can be found by looking up a part number[^part-number]
[^part-number]: Some product manufactures are really protective of their parts, and scratch of the part numbers/
A lot of parts, like transistors or chips, have their datasheets published online. By looking up the part number in a search engine, they can be found. In these cases, the part number is written on top of the component[^unless]. Datasheets contain a scary amount of information about the part, 99% I do not understand. But they do show which leg is what, and give a bit more insight what kind of part you’re looking at.
@ -49,35 +38,34 @@ A lot of parts, like transistors or chips, have their datasheets published onlin
[^interchangeable_part]: <ins> To research [interchangable parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts#Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries:_dissemination_throughout_manufacturing) n.a.v. deze [post](https://northcoastsynthesis.com/news/preferred-values-for-resistors-and-capacitors/)</ins>
---
---
| **Name** | **Category** | **Description** | **Found in** | **Symbol** | **Value** |
| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ |
| **555 Timer** | IC | A small chip that generates pulses | Timers, LED dimmers | |
| **Capacitor** | Capacitor | Store a voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) | Farads (F) |
| **Coil** | Passive Component | These funky components can create sounds on their own | Transformers, relays, wireless charging | ![](./assets/schematics/Inductor-COM-Air.svg) |
| **Crystal Oscillator** | Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | | Frequency (MHz) |
| **Diode** | Diode | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-Standard.svg) |
| **Displays** | Display | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | _nvt_ | |
| **LED (Light Emitting Diode)** | Diode | Emit a small light | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-LED.svg) |
| **Logic chips** | IC | Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits | |
| **MOSFET** | IC | Not sure yet | Power supplies, motor control | | Threshold voltage (V) |
| **Magnet** | Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | _nvt_ |
| **Microcontroller** | IC | Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 | Embedded systems, Arduino, automation | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) |
| **Microphone** | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-IEEE-Microphone.svg) |
| **Motor** | Electromechanical Device | Spins when a power is applied | Printers, blenders, vacuums | ![](./assets/schematics/motor.png) | Voltage (V), Current (A) |
| **NPN Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-NPN.svg) |
| **Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier)** | IC | Amplifying signals | Audio circuits, sensors, control systems | ![](./assets/schematics/IC-COM-OpAmp.svg) |
| **PCB** | Misc | Where the circuit is placed on | Everywhere! | |
| **PNP Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-PNP.svg) |
| **Piezo disc** | Ouput/Input | Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors | |
| **Potentiometer** | Resistor | Limiting voltage trough a knob | Volume knobs, light dimmers | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Potentiometer.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Relay** | Electromechanical | Switches power | Household appliances | ![](./assets/schematics/Relay-COM-COM-SPDT.svg) |
| **Resistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Standard.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Speaker** | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radio’s | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-COM-Loudspeaker.svg) | Impedance (Ω) |
| **Stepper motor** | Electromechanical Device | Device that creates a step based movement | Printers, disk drives, hard drives, 3d printers | |
| **Switches & buttons** | Input | Interact with the device | Light switches, keyboards | ![](./assets/schematics/Switch-COM-SPST.svg) |
| **Thermistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage dependant on temperature | Not sure yet | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Thermistor.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Trimpots** | Resistor | Limit voltage trough a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Trimmer.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Voltage regulators** | Passive Component | Not sure yet | Power supplies, embedded systems | |
::: {.table-wide}
| **Name** | **Category** | **Description** | **Found in** | **Symbol** | **Value** |
|------------------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| **555 Timer** | IC | A small chip that generates pulses | Timers, LED dimmers | | |
| **Capacitor** | Capacitor | Store a voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) | Farads (F) |
| **Coil** | Passive Component | These funky components can create sounds on their own | Transformers, relays, wireless charging | ![](./assets/schematics/Inductor-COM-Air.svg) | |
| **Crystal Oscillator** | Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | | Frequency (MHz) |
| **Diode** | Diode | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-Standard.svg) | |
| **Displays** | Display | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | _nvt_ | |
| **LED (Light Emitting Diode)** | Diode | Emit a small light | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Diode-COM-LED.svg) | |
| **Logic chips** | IC | Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits | | |
| **MOSFET** | IC | Not sure yet | Power supplies, motor control | | Threshold voltage (V) |
| **Magnet** | Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | _nvt_ | |
| **Microcontroller** | IC | Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 | Embedded systems, Arduino, automation | ![](./assets/schematics/Capacitor-IEC-Polarized.svg) | |
| **Microphone** | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-IEEE-Microphone.svg) | |
| **Motor** | Electromechanical Device | Spins when a power is applied | Printers, blenders, vacuums | ![](./assets/schematics/motor.png) | Voltage (V), Current (A) |
| **NPN Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-NPN.svg) | |
| **Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier)** | IC | Amplifying signals | Audio circuits, sensors, control systems | ![](./assets/schematics/IC-COM-OpAmp.svg) | |
| **PCB** | Misc | Where the circuit is placed on | Everywhere! | | |
| **PNP Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Transistor-COM-BJT-PNP.svg) | |
| **Piezo disc** | Ouput/Input | Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors | | |
| **Potentiometer** | Resistor | Limiting voltage trough a knob | Volume knobs, light dimmers | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Potentiometer.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Relay** | Electromechanical | Switches power | Household appliances | ![](./assets/schematics/Relay-COM-COM-SPDT.svg) | |
| **Resistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere! | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Standard.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Speaker** | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radio’s | ![](./assets/schematics/Audio-COM-Loudspeaker.svg) | Impedance (Ω) |
| **Stepper motor** | Electromechanical Device | Device that creates a step based movement | Printers, disk drives, hard drives, 3d printers | | |
| **Switches & buttons** | Input | Interact with the device | Light switches, keyboards | ![](./assets/schematics/Switch-COM-SPST.svg) | |
| **Thermistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage dependant on temperature | Not sure yet | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Thermistor.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Trimpots** | Resistor | Limit voltage trough a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices | ![](./assets/schematics/Resistor-IEEE-Trimmer.svg) | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
| **Voltage regulators** | Passive Component | Not sure yet | Power supplies, embedded systems | | |{#link-sf .btn-read-more}
:::

25
src/content/chapters/3-recipes.md
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@ -10,15 +10,17 @@ Hopefully, you’ve salvaged a variety of components by now, and we can start to
[^easier]: Still a headache! But now you only have to triple check a handful of components, instead of 120
Every recipe contains a paper circuit[^paper-circuit-ciat] to print. These circuits are the blueprint of your device, between a schematic and a industrial PCB. The biggest advantage of using paper, apart from being able to solder the connections of your components right on top of the circuit, is that it is paper. You can take notes, draw lines and adjust the schematic as you go.
Every recipe contains a paper circuit[^paper-circuit-ciat] to print. These circuits are the blueprint of your device, between a schematic and a industrial PCB. The biggest advantage of using paper, apart from being able to solder the connections of your components right on top of the circuit, is that it is paper. You can take notes, draw lines and adjust the schematic as you go. This saves you from either having to use toxic chemcials to etch your own circuit boards, or outsourcing the development.
[^paper-circuit-ciat]: I've copied the method from Synthesizer builder Ciat Lonbarde, who used paper circuits to prototype and to distribute circuits and ideas for free @blasserStoresMall2015 .
<ins>why are PCB's bad</ins>
[^paper-circuit-ciat]: A method introduced by synthesizer builder Ciat Lonbarde, who used paper circuits as a way to distribute circuits and ideas for free @blasserStoresMall2015 .
### Assembling the circuit[^assembly]
1. Cut out the circuit and fold it in half, creating a two sided print
2. Gather the components listed in the "Bill of Materials" (BOM)
3. Populate the first components by pinning the legs trough the paper in their designated areas. Keep an eye on the orientation[^orientation]. Start small (resistors) then move to larger parts.
4. Create the connections according circuit by soldering the legs together. I've found bare copper wire is the fastest.
4. Create the connections according to the circuit by soldering the legs together. I've found bare copper wire is the quickest.
5. Repeat until all components are in place!
6. Test & triple-check all connections [^triple-check].
@ -35,16 +37,23 @@ There is no need to understand every single component on each recipe [^no-need],
If you want to build a modular, my advice is not to do it if you want to have any friends, it takes too much time. > [source](https://web.archive.org/web/20151011091344/http://www.irfp.net/Projects/machines/Modular.html)
## Safety notes
### !Safety notes!
- **Audio can be surprisingly loud**. Use small speakers (never headphones!) you wouldn’t miss if they break, and keep your hand on the volume dial when plugging in your sound device for the first time
- **Use batteries** plugging into a wall (120V) can be incredibly dangerous. When making changes
- **Audio can be surprisingly loud**. Use small speakers (never headphones![^headphones]) you wouldn’t miss if they break, and keep your hand on the volume dial when plugging in your sound device for the first time
- **Use batteries** plugging into a wall (120V) can be incredibly dangerous. Always unplug the power from the circuit when making changes, to prevent shorts
- **watch that smell** “magic smoke” has a certain smell. Unplug immediately when something smells/smokes!
- **two know more then one** If you're not sure, invite a friend and I'm sure you'll figure it out together
[^headphones]: Your hearing is precious, and accidently blasting an overpowered sine-wave trough your ears can cause permantetn damage.
### Finding & scaling recipes
The DIY synth community is not shy in sharing their schematics. There are fantastic resources online, such as the [Experimentalists Anonymous DIY Archives](https://experimentalistsanonymous.com/diy/index.php) the [wiki](https://sdiy.info/wiki/Synth_DIY_Wiki), [Music from Outer Space](https://musicfromouterspace.com/) and *Handmade Electronic Music* [@collinsHandmadeElectronicMusic2009]. However, finding resources using salvaged components has been tricky, as our requirements are a bit different then the average github browser. Most schematics either contain 20+ components or require (specific) chips. For making personal synthesizers, this limitation has been interesting, as it forces me to turn the VCO recipe into a self-modulating instrument, actually helping me to learn more about electornics & elecontric sound then any pre-made kit could ever do, but there is definetly a scsaling issue. Initially I had set out to use this research as a way to develop a workshop format about making synthesizeres with e-waste, and in that way "fixing" my issues with the wastefullness of the workshop.
But, maybe this is not possible, and maybe that is okay.
<ins> unpack on this en dan doorpakken in de conclusie</ins>
<ins>Dirty electronics talks about scale in electronics, “With the ever-decreasing size and miniaturisation of electronics, the work of Dirty Electronics often attempts to re-size technology to human scale. The idea expressed by David Tudor of composing inside electronics is re-addressed with the intention of thinking of composing ‘outside’ electronics, where a music driven by electronics is also” [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]</ins>
<ins>Talk about which components are replacable, how to circuit bend your own circuits</ins>
<span class="fix-break-left"></span>
<span class="fix-break-left"></span>

29
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@ -1,11 +1,32 @@
---
title: "Storing parts"
title: “Taking inventory”
type: Chapter
slug: true
---
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
Hopefully by now you’ve managed to build and explore some raging sound devices! For me, this is the moment to sit in the middle of a workshop surrounded by caresses of printers, cassette recorders and radio’s, and deal with the remainders. It becomes clear how the actions are a small intervention in the bigger lifecycle of waste. We extended the life of the hardware for a bit and created the moment of celebration, [@lulinvegaHolisticApproachComputing] and now the majority [^majority]of the hardware will continue on their cycle.
Deze vraag moet je beantwoorden: This is where the field guide comes into play: Can we shi<68>t
the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather
than ignore, the waste streams they are part of? Limiting
ourselves to only use salvaged components and
discovering; is it possible to live o <20> (create with)
electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what
[5] Swapfiets promote their
bike subscriptions as “We
give you a bike that you
never have to repair”↩
2017)↩
would such a practice entai
<ins>I would like to include more about the Right to Repair, and how the manual could be part of the object itself (page 14 of [@matternStepStepThinking2024] en pagina 2 van [@parksCrackingOpenSet2000])</ins> -->
>> While there are many attempts to overcome obsolescence, such as the modular laptop Framework<ins>link</ins>, and <ins>another example</ins>, none have quite stuck. Remy & Huang say that, since abscolescence is the outcome of ICT’s main goals; research in new technologies and selling more products [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015], most of the proposed soliutions work against one of the two.
Verder is het dus zo dat je eigenlijk hier een beetje moet herhalen de pareltjes van de tekst. Dus meer herhalen van dingen en minder hier pas conclusies trekken.
Hopefully by now you’ve managed to build and explore some raging sound devices! For me, this is the moment to sit in the middle of a workshop surrounded by caresses of printers, cassette recorders and radio’s, and deal with the remainders. It becomes clear how the actions are a small intervention in the bigger lifecycle of waste. We extended the life of the hardware for a bit and created the moment of celebration, [@lulinvegaPermacomputing] and now the majority [^majority]of the hardware will continue on their cycle.
[^majority]: Majority in terms of size. I’m strategically keeping all components, but keeping the plastic carcas of an CD Player/Radio just does not make sense.
@ -16,7 +37,7 @@ Instead of modifying the salvaged device after it’s consumed, the possibility
Unfortunately, as Remy and Huang discuss, *unintentional absolescence*, is built into the system. The two main goals of the IT industry, researching new technologies and sell more products, actively work against many attempts of improving repair and reuse [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015] [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015][^against]. Some major product companies, such as Coolblue, Apple and Samsung, have started recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
[^against]: For instance 3D printing company Bambu Lab recently released reusable PCB’s, to make toys out of 3d prints. The only reusable thing about it, is that you could reuse it within their product line. More reusable would be if they used an Arduino instead. It’s always “Buy our new product that you could reuse for something else” and never “reuse something else and don’t buy our new product”.
[^against]: For instance 3D printing company Bambu Lab recently released reusable PCB’s, to make toys out of 3d prints. The only reusable thing about it, is that you could reuse it within their product line. More reusable would be if they used an Arduino instead. It’s always “Buy our new product that you could reuse for something else” and never “reuse something else and don’t buy our new product”.
[^samsung]: For instance, [Samsungs recycle program](https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/) starts with *“Stap 1. Koop je nieuwe toestel met inruilvoordeel op samsung.com”‌*.
@ -37,4 +58,4 @@ When we desoldered all of the capacitors, resistors, chips and whatnot in chapte
Using salvaged components to create sound devices has been and still is, a research with ups and downs, and —I’m really curious how it went for you! Having limited resources does not always help with the learning process. Blowing up the last op-amp (again) can be seriously discouraging. But at the same time, salvaged components can spark creativity, as they include the history of the device that is was part of before [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. A switchboard salvaged from a casette recorder from the 80's ignite does more then store-bought one.
pagina 13 [@luUnmakingElectronicWaste2024]
pagina 13 [@luUnmakingElectronicWaste2024]

4
src/content/components/0_resistor.md
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@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ parent: Components
type: Resistor
images:
- src: ./assets/components/Resistors.JPG
alt: 'These resistors where salvaged from a Reel to Reel recorder'
alt: 'These resistors were salvaged from a Reel to Reel recorder'
usage: "A resistor limits the current going trough. This amount of *resistance* is expressed in Ohm (Ω)"
whereToFind: Everywhere!
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg.png
alsoKnownAs: "Knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor"
alsoKnownAs: "knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor"
---
You’ll find many resistors in almost any electronic product and schematic. It’s good to have a bunch of resistors in various values at hand. Their values can range from 1 ohm to 10.000.000 ohms. The colored bands on a resister can tell you their value In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.

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src/content/components/chips.md
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@ -7,15 +7,13 @@ images:
alt: 'A chip sooooo small the picture has to be blurry'
usage: Being a black boxed monolith
whereToFind: Everywhere!
alsoKnownAs: "Chip, IC, Intergrated Circuit, DIP CHIP"
alsoKnownAs: "chip, IC, Intergrated Circuit"
---
Typically, when checking out a PCB, I will immidiatly check all IC, or "Intergrated Circuits", by putting the part number in an online search engine. There are a few I'm always looking for as they are commonly used in the building of simple synthesizers, and these are **Op-Amps** and **CMOS logic chips**. Additionally, you could be lucky and discover a microcontroller, allowing you to flash your own program. To my surprise I found a microcontroller in a LED lamp, but I haven't managed to figure it out yet.
Typically, when checking out a PCB, I will immediately check all IC, or "Intergrated Circuits", by putting the part number in an online search engine. There are a few I'm always looking for as they are commonly used in the building of simple synthesizers, and these are **Op-Amps** and **CMOS logic chips**. Additionally, you could be lucky and discover a microcontroller, allowing you to flash your own program. To my surprise I found a microcontroller in a LED lamp, but I haven't managed to figure it out yet.
## The difficulty of prototyping with IC's
Not only are loads of schematics published online based around (oddly specific) IC's, they tend to break very fast. The number of times I've accidently put a chip in upside down, causing the + and - to be flipped, and burning out the chip within seconds. In a world of plenty you'd just replace the chip with a new one, but in the reality of working with salvaged hardware, this is not that easy.
<ins>Include a description and an image of all your attempts of prototypig with SMD PCB's</ins>
Not only are loads of schematics published online based around (oddly specific) IC's, they tend to break very fast. I cannot count the number of time the number of times I've accidently put a chip in upside down, causing the + and - to be flipped, and burning out the chip within seconds. In a world of plenty you'd just replace the chip with a new one, but in the reality of working with salvaged hardware, this is not that easy.
<ins>Discuss materiality of chips, remainders of IC development</ins>
<ins>History of IC's in Digital Rubbish</ins>
<ins>History of IC's in Digital Rubbish</ins>

6
src/content/components/pcb.md
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@ -16,4 +16,8 @@ Printed Circuit Boards, or PCB's, are the plates on which the circuit is placed.
<ins>About the issues with PCB manufacturing and recycling it's minerals</ins>
<ins>Material of the PCB</ins>
- annotated PCB’s
<ins>annotated PCB’s</ins>
## The blob
Have you spotted “The Blob” yet? This is every circuit benders worst nightmare. The blob is meant to protect certain bare parts of a PCB, but is also known as a type of reverse engineering protection.

5
src/content/components/transistor.md
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@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ The transistor is a switch that can be operated by applying a small voltage to o
Transistors come in many shapes and sizes. Some are meant to dissipate heat, and are connected to a heatsink, they are ususally near a power source.
Remy & Huang stipt Moore's law en Jevons paradox aan als voorbeelden waarom het een enorme uitdaging is om obscolescence tegen te gaan (Remy & Huang, 2015). **Moore's Law** is de voorspelling dat het aantal transistors in een IC elk jaar verdubbeld. Dit insinueert en speelt in op het idee dat je elke twee jaar je IC's moet upgraden, omdat je anders achterloopt, en creeert de illusie dat innovatie en ontwikkeling oneindig is. (“Moore’s Law,” wikipedia 2025) **Jevons paradox** is het effect dat opspeelt wanneer door technologische ontwikkeling een resource efficienter wordt (minder gebruikt) de vraag juist vergroot. Denkende aan de computer die eerst een kamer vulde, en nu zijn er datacenters van honderden vierkante kilometers.
EN ook moores law hier:
Structured obsolescence is an economic strategy whereby a consumer technology is manufactured with the assumption that it has a limited life span and will need replacement with a newer and upgraded model within a given number of years. This logic benefits manufacturers and attempts to build a company’s financial future based on consumer band loyalty. The concept of structured obsolescence is hardwired into consumer technologies ranging from the refrigerator to the radio, from the computer to the car, and has been operational in the consumer products industry since the late nineteenth century. One of its effects has been to generate an excess of functional machines that are never exploited to their full potential. They are only partially used and then discarded when a new version, model, or upgrade becomes available on the market. Contemporary junkyards, thrift shops, and garages have become shrines to structured obsolescence. In these secondhand commerce zones lies an unwieldy accumulation of machines with low use-value precisely because they have already been used.6 uit [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]
[^touch]: When circuit bending, transistors are great to touch, as the heat of your finger could alter the sound.

4
src/content/recipes/Kick/index.md
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@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
title: Kick
BOMTable: true
order: 3
show:
shortDescription:
"A keyboard to play your oscillator"
BOM:
@ -12,4 +13,5 @@ BOM:
pcb: "./recipes/Kick/PaperCircuit.png"
---
<ins>write the BOM and the recipe</ins>
<ins>rewrite this to the motor synth</ins>
<ins>Talk about which components are replacable, how to circuit bend your own circuits</ins>

4
src/content/recipes/PCB-keyboard/index.md
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@ -23,4 +23,6 @@ From a PCB that you have salvaged, remove _all_ of the components and, with a pi
Find or make a bunch of tracks, or traces, that are not connected to each other (using the multimeter). These will act as your wires! To one trace, solder the audio in from the SingleTransistorOsc. Find a trace nearby, close enough that if you can touch the two traces with your thumb, and solder a resistor on that trace. The other end of the resistor should go back to your SingleTransistorOsc.
Now, when you touch both traces with your finger, a bridge is created, closing the circuit, and causing the audio signal to go trough your resistor back into the original circuit. If you do this multiple times with various resistor values, you've create a playable keyboard!
Now, when you touch both traces with your finger, a bridge is created, closing the circuit, and causing the audio signal to go trough your resistor back into the original circuit. If you do this multiple times with various resistor values, you've create a playable keyboard!
<ins>illustartie vervangen met een getekende kicad ding</ins>

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src/content/recipes/SingleTransistorOsc/index.md
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@ -39,11 +39,12 @@ buildNotes:
- "Cut the middle leg of the transistor for this to work"
---
This "super simple oscillator circuit"[^easy] makes use of something called a "reverse avalance breakdown effect" in transistors. As I understand it, the capacitor and transistor of this circuit constantly trigger each other, creating a on-off-on-off-on-off situation, which in the audible realm sounds like a saw wave. Not all transistors can do it, so it's a bit of a trial and error process [^reddit].
This *super simple oscillator circuit*[^easy] makes use of something called a "reverse avalance breakdown effect" in transistors. As I understand it, the capacitor and transistor of this circuit constantly trigger each other, creating a on-off-on-off-on-off situation, which in the audible realm sounds like a saw wave. Not all transistors can do it, so it's a bit of a trial and error process [^reddit].
[^easy]: I am very fed up with the amount of times someone has said something would be easy. It is not.
[^reddit]: This is why Reddit has advised against building this oscillator. But this is the only sound generating schematic that has worked so far and doesn't use chips.
[^reddit]: This is why Reddit has advised against building this oscillator. But this is the only sound generating schematic that has worked so far and doesn't use chips.
<ins>reddit link</ins>
### Powering
Select the amount of voltage you need based on the transistor[^datasheet] you have. Mine needed 18V, so using alligator clips, I've connected our previously built power supply.
@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ Select the amount of voltage you need based on the transistor[^datasheet] you ha
After double-checking all your connections, hook the audio out to an amplified speaker (like a small JBL). No sound? Here are things to try:
- Triple check your connections and the orientation of the capacitor.
- Play around with the potentiometer[^potmeter].
- using a multimeter, follow the entire audio trace from the transistor up until your audio cable.
- using a multimeter, follow the entire audio trace from the transistor up until your audio cable.
- Try a different transistor
[^potmeter]: mine only makes a sound for a small portion of the potentiometers range.
@ -62,4 +63,6 @@ After double-checking all your connections, hook the audio out to an amplified s
## When there is noise
If you, like me, have struggled a lot to get any sound whatsoever, I can hopefully tell you that **this is where things will get fun(ky)**. Getting a single sound out of anything is such a eureka moment. [^clicks]Because from here, you'll be able to play around with the circuit and use our own imagination. For instance, using a different sized resistor to change the pitch. Or, using a Light Dependant Resistor to control the pitch based on the sound. Or adding a on/off button. Or, building your own keyboard using multiple resistors...
[^clicks]: Making and playing this circuit helped me a lot with understanding how electricity flows and how you can manipulate the flow.
[^clicks]: Making and playing this circuit helped me a lot with understanding how electricity flows and how you can manipulate the flow.
<ins>Talk about which components are replacable, how to circuit bend your own circuits</ins>

6
src/content/recipes/power-supply/index.md
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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ This circuit provides -9V[^negative-volt], 0V/Ground and +9V outputs, by combini
You could skip the capacitors and resistors and just connect the batteries together. However, they help filter electrical spikes, making the output smoother [^smooth].
[^negative-volt]: Some chips, mostly op-amps, require a negative voltage, which does not come out of a battery by default.
[^negative-volt]: Some chips, mostly op-amps, require a negative voltage, which does not come out of a battery by default.
[^18V]: You can also get 18V: treat the -9V pin as 0V, making the 9V pin 18V
@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ You could skip the capacitors and resistors and just connect the batteries toget
[^smooth]: ![The capacitor can filter electrical spikes for a more smooth voltage input](./recipes/power-supply/filtering.png){ height=30px }
#### Testing
Before plugging in the battery's, check your connections[^continuity]. When the batteries are plugged in, your pins should read -9V and +9V[^volt-meter].
Before plugging in the batteries, check your connections[^continuity]. When the batteries are plugged in, your pins should read -9V and +9V[^volt-meter].
[^volt-meter]: Test this by using the volt meter on the multimeter. One probe touches your ground pin, the other the pin you'd like to test.
[^continuity]: You can test this using the *continuity* mode on your multi meter, which beeps if electricity can pass trough.
#### Upgrade
An upgrade that could be useful is adding a power switch and/or LED to show if the power supply is active.
An upgrade that could be useful is adding a power switch and/or LED to show if the power supply is active.

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src/templates/base.jinja
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@ -83,11 +83,11 @@
let count = 0;
content.querySelectorAll(`a[role="doc-noteref"]`).forEach((ref) =>{
count += 1;
const href = ref.getAttribute("href");
let note = content.querySelector(".footnotes " + href);
if(note) {
ref.querySelector("sup").textContent = count;
note.setAttribute("count", ref.querySelector("sup").textContent);
ref.appendChild(note);
}

1
src/templates/snippets/page-detail.jinja
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@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
<section class="meta">
{% if isNested %}
<span data-subchapter-title>{{content['title']}}</span>
{% else %}
<span data-chapter-title>{{content['title']}}</span>
{% endif %}