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@misc{99PanelDesign,
title = {(99+) {{Panel}}: {{Design}} for {{Hackability}}},
urldate = {2025-03-14},
howpublished = {https://www.academia.edu/110475342/Panel\_Design\_for\_Hackability},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/33PDJSPD/Panel_Design_for_Hackability.html}
}
@article{abalansaElectronicWasteEnvironmental2021,
title = {Electronic {{Waste}}, an {{Environmental Problem Exported}} to {{Developing Countries}}: {{The GOOD}}, the {{BAD}} and the {{UGLY}}},
shorttitle = {Electronic {{Waste}}, an {{Environmental Problem Exported}} to {{Developing Countries}}},
@ -158,6 +165,21 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6G8IIDT5/article.pdf}
}
@article{chokkattuWhatYourDefunct2025,
title = {What to {{Do With Your Defunct Humane Ai Pin}}},
author = {Chokkattu, Julian},
year = {2025},
month = feb,
journal = {Wired},
issn = {1059-1028},
urldate = {2025-03-13},
abstract = {Humane Ai's Pins stopped working today, turning the year-old wearable into a paperweight. Here are some ideas for what to do with yours if you want to avoid e-waste.},
chapter = {tags},
langid = {american},
keywords = {artificial intelligence,shopping,wearables},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/J4U6SVG3/what-to-do-with-your-humane-ai-pin.html}
}
@book{collinsHandmadeElectronicMusic2009,
title = {Handmade Electronic Music: The Art of Hardware Hacking},
shorttitle = {Handmade Electronic Music},
@ -253,6 +275,7 @@
author = {Fennis, Maurits},
langid = {english},
keywords = {summarised},
annotation = {titleTranslation: Ontologie van elektronisch afval},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/PZ45G9QF/Fennis - Ontology Of Electronic Waste.pdf}
}
@ -394,6 +417,19 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/K5SZIEPI/Hertz and Parikka - 2012 - Zombie Media Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method.pdf}
}
@article{hillPanelDesignHackability2004,
title = {Panel: {{Design}} for {{Hackability}}},
shorttitle = {Panel},
author = {Hill, Dan},
year = {2004},
month = jan,
urldate = {2025-03-14},
abstract = {Design for hackability encourages designers and nondesigners to critically and creatively explore interactivity, technology and media-to reclaim authorship and ownership of technologies and the social and cultural worlds in which we live. Hackability},
langid = {english},
keywords = {No DOI found},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/CWFGVBXA/Panel_Design_for_Hackability.html}
}
@book{holmesElectronicExperimentalMusic2012,
title = {Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture},
shorttitle = {Electronic and Experimental Music},
@ -947,18 +983,29 @@
publisher = {Harvard University press},
address = {Cambridge (Mass.) London},
isbn = {978-0-674-00889-2},
langid = {american},
langid = {english},
keywords = {new},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/B6P7MAUL/Pinch and Trocco - 2002 - Analog days the invention and impact of the Moog synthesizer.pdf}
}
@book{postmaWeggooienMooiNiet,
@book{postmaWeggooienMooiNiet2015,
title = {Weggooien, Mooi Niet!},
author = {Postma, Martine},
editor = {Rhoen, Marion},
year = {2015},
month = mar,
publisher = {de Vrije Uitgevers},
isbn = {978-94-90298-06-7},
keywords = {summarised}
}
@misc{Principles,
title = {Principles},
urldate = {2025-03-14},
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/Principles/},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/TBYIGTHI/Principles.html}
}
@inproceedings{raghavanMacroscopicallySustainableNetworking2016,
title = {Macroscopically Sustainable Networking: On Internet Quines},
shorttitle = {Macroscopically Sustainable Networking},

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Leftovers
## weg
As Jennifer Gabry’s concludes we shouldn’t strive for a zero waste utopia and in that way hide the waste, yet find we should [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [JA WAT MOETEN WE EIGENLIJK DOEN VOLGENS HAAR - VERDER LEZEN]. By actively engaging with the salvaged hardware, we are able to uncover some black boxes, as we did in chapter 2, dismantling. [kunnen we hier nog iets over black boxes zeggen?]
### Gone with the waste
- [ ] Zero waste utopia
This moment of having to return it to the mileupark shows that this intervention did not change much, as one person or one repair cafe cannot do. It does call for better legislation and regulation, and put the responsibility of the disposal back to where the material came from, in my opinion at least, improved design processes and a different mindset. It is one thing to return your iPhone to the Apple Store to buy a new one, it’s another thing to embrace not having the latest phone. So it still keeps this cycle of consuming and disposing in place, instead of forcing Apple to create actual ownership of the waste that they create. Thank you. Hoewel recycling programma’s zoals deze vast een zekere effect hebben, zeggen ze niets over waar hardware utieindelijk eindigt [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007] daarnaast is een randvoorwaarden van het inleveren vaak dat je eerst een nieuw apparaat aanschaft, wat alleen een soort greenwashing van consumeren creeert. https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/. Op de website van samsung staat letterlijk “Stap 1. Koop je nieuwe toestel met inruilvoordeel op samsung.com”. Er wordt geen woord gerept over wat er gebeurt. alleebn “et krijgt een nieuwe bestemming of wordt volledig verwerkt.”. Nog ironischer wordt het wanneer je verder zoekt op de website van de inruil partner van samsung, l8p. Over inruil wordt hier ook hee lief gezegd, we geven je toestel een tweede leven bij een nieuwe eigenaar. Echter op de webshop wordt er gerept over “s: deze producten zijn nieuw, nooit (of beperkt) gebruikt en in originele toestand. “ Wat is het
[^pun]: pun intended
M
- solo = niet te doen. Eigenlijk zou je een soort vorm moeten hebben qua uitwisseling van hardware, zodat je niet in je eentje mega veel weerstandjes hebt, maar dit uitwisselt/ruilt.
- en waarom is het niet te doen? SMD componenten. Daarin is het overduidelijk te zien dat de hardware niet met de gedachte is ontworpen dat er ooit nog iemand anders bij zou komen, of het nu voor maintenance of salvaging is.
## Ideeen
Within recycling there is loads of greenwashing. Falling apart (Parks, n.d.)[@parksFallingApartElectronics2007] text gebruiken hier.
Feedback: * Je beantwoord de vraag heel erg vanuit het perspectief van de maker van sound devices, wat heel goed is, maar je maakt weinig connecties met het grotere plaatje, right to repair movement, planned obsolesence, e-waste, werkelijke kosten van wegwerp maatschappij. Ik denk dat Mattern's tekst misschien een goede inspiratie is hier, als voorbeeld van hoe je een koppeling kunt maken tussen het hands on doen en 'de big picture' van wat moeten we eigenlijk repareren, de apparaten of het systeem dat ze produceerd?
## Over waarom microcontrollers
Uit de tekst van dirty electronics wordt dit ook benoemd An advantage of using microcontrollers is that less discrete electronic components are needed in a circuit design. And of course, it is possible to reprogram the microcontroller. [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]
“It is not simply a case of just playing these objects as instruments, but of exploring their properties at a fundamental level In many instances, repertoire is ‘found’ in the object rather than played on the instrument” (Richards 2017a, p. 243).
→ ik zie hier wel een soort verband met de tekst van digital rubbish, waarbij ook opnieuw naar properties van materialen gekeken moet worden.

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<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)</cite>
You're reading[^shortcut-print] *A Field Guide for Salvaging Sound Devices*. In this guide, we'll explore the practical side of salvage computing: is it possible to *live off* (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what would such a practice entail? Instead of using hardware to build even more computers, we'll focus on creating, dreamy sound devices.
Salvaging is the practice of using computational resources that already exist. Not freshly purchased hardware, but salvaged from landfills and hidden in storage boxes. The E-Waste Monitor shows that global e-waste production is growing rapidly, even doubling between 2010 and 2022. However, the rate at which e-waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace, resulting in landfills that continue to grow, that will only go worse.
[@baldeGlobalEWasteMonitor2024]
According to Jennifer Gabrys, salvage is not just about reusing materials; it's about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Waste is not only consumer discards but a by-product of the entire lifecycle of electronic products—from the mining of minerals that make up the hardware, the "final" disposal, or re-entry into the production chain. These processes happen in hazardous waste sites, causing long-term environmental and health problems [@calmaWomenWhoMade2025], often in developing countries where technology consumption is much lower. [@gabrysSalvage2012].
The growing gap between recycling and production can be traced to several factors: increased consumption of technology, limited repair options, and a lacking e-waste infrastructure
You're reading[^shortcut-print] *A Field Guide for Salvaging Sound Devices*. Here, we'll explore the practical side of salvage computing trough the making of noise boxes: is it possible to *live off* (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what would such a practice entail? Instead of using hardware to build even more computers, we'll focus on creating, dreamy sound devices.
[^shortcut-print]: <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>P</kbd> to print this document
The notion of buying new is noticable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing about a project it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics, or to sell as a pre-compiled kits[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY, which is about making do with limited resources. [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023] Instea a whole new market is created consisting of lego-like kits. These kits often gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating, preventing the development of much needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
Salvaging is the practice of using computational resources that already exist. Not freshly purchased hardware, but salvaged from landfills and hidden in storage boxes. The E-Waste Monitor shows that global e-waste production is growing rapidly, even doubling between 2010 and 2022.[@baldeGlobalEWasteMonitor2024]
[^KIT]: Example of a kit
According to Jennifer Gabrys, salvage is not just about reusing materials; but also about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Waste is not only your end-of-life Humane AI Pin[^AI-pin] but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic products; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to disposal site. These transitions happen in hazardous waste sites, causing long-term environmental and health problems, often in developing countries where technology consumption is much lower. [@gabrysSalvage2012].
This is where my interpretation of salvaging could come into play.
”Salvage computing believes that the end of a computer product’s lifecycle should be seen as a moment of celebration”[@lulinvegaHolisticApproachComputing]. Instead of noting down a time of death, the obsolete device could be the start of something new. Trough this thesis & project, I want to challenge my own idea that buying new hardware is quicker then salvaging for hardware. This thesis will be a field guide for the salvaging from- and reusing of abandoned/obsolete media, to create sound devices.
[^AI-pin]: Humane Inc. Ai Pin closed their servers within one year after releasing their “Ai Pin”. Now, you can only ask this piece of hardware how many battery it has left. [@chokkattuWhatYourDefunct2025]
This is where my interpretation of salvage computing comes into play. Salvage computing believes that the end of a product's lifecycle should be a moment of celebration—not a time of death, but an opportunity to start something new.
[@lulinvegaHolisticApproachComputing]
However, the rate at which e-waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace, resulting in landfills that continue to grow, that will only go worse. The growing gap between recycling and production can be traced to several factors: increased consumption of technology, limited repair options, and a lacking e-waste infrastructure
This thesis challenges the assumption that buying new hardware is always quicker than salvaging existing resources. Through this guide, I aim to demonstrate that salvaging abandoned or obsolete media can be a viable alternative to purchasing new hardware. The goal is to create sound devices from salvaged materials, rethinking the entire lifecycle of electronics.
## Buying DIY
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing about a project it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics, or even sell as a pre-compiled kits[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY, which is about making do with limited budget & resources [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead a whole new market is created consisting of lego-like kits. These kits often gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating, preventing the development of much needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
[^KIT]: ![Kit from Bastl Instruments](/assets/chapters/bastl_kit.webp)
In this guide we are challenging the idea of buying new trough salvage computing. This is where my interpretation of salvage computing comes into play. Salvage computing believes that the end of a product's lifecycle should be a moment of celebration—not a time of death, but an opportunity to start something new. [@lulinvegaHolisticApproachComputing] <ins>zin loopt nog niet goed</ins>
The guide is split up into five chapters, each focusing on a different stage of salvaging for sound devices:
1. Gathering hardware
*We'll go trough which devices work for salvaging, where to find them, and dealing with hidden waste streams.*
2. Dismantling devices
*Hands on discovery of strategies that manufactures use to keep you out of their devices. Hopefully not to much melted plastic.*
1. Components to salvage
*An overview of parts to salvage, how to identify them and how to reuse them*
1. Recipes for making
*strategies for making with salvaged parts.
#### 1. Gathering hardware
*We'll go trough which devices work for salvaging, where to find them. And talk about dealing with hidden waste streams and obsolescence.*
1. Storing parts
Cleaning up afterward en nog iets
#### 2. Dismantling devices
*Hands on discovery of strategies that manufactures use to keep you out of their devices, and the right to repair. Hopefully not to much melted plastic.*
#### 3. Components to salvage
*An overview of parts to salvage, how to identify them and how to reuse them*
#### 4. Recipes for making
*strategies for making with salvaged parts, and ways to modify the devices.*
#### 5. Storing parts
*Cleaning up the inventory and looking back*
## Do It With Others (DIWO)
Within the DIY Sound community, DIWO workshops are a common way of sharing knowledge [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013], similary to how repair historycally is organised as a social activity - opening up workshops and sharing knowledge [@matternStepStepThinking2024]. By being part of workshops and gatherings around DIY sound and repair, I've noticed how empowering these exchanges can be. This guide itself is created during and around so-called *(un)repair nights[^unrepair-night]* at the klankschool[^about-klankschool]. I would really encourage you to do DIWO this guide too. The frustrating process that can be learning electronics is much better to manage when shared.
Repair is often and historically organised as a social activity - opening up workplaces and sharing knowledge[@matternStepStepThinking2024]. <ins>expand more on the social</ins>. This notion a major part of the DIY Synth community [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]. By being part of workshops and gatherings around DIY sound and repair I've noticed how empowering these exchanges can be [^exchange]. This guide itself is created during and around so-called *(un)repair nights[^unrepair-night]* at the klankschool[^about-klankschool]. I would really encourage you to do DIWO this guide too. The frustrating process that can be learning electronics is much better to manage when shared.
On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. When I write about how things work, please take it with a grain of salt. This guide represents my personal understanding, which, no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. If you have suggestions for improvement, feel free to reach out or submit a pull request with your insights.
[^exchange]: Especially during a [workshop in collaboration with the kunsthal](https://www.kunsthal.nl/nl/plan-je-bezoek/activiteiten/friday-night-live-operator/), where it was the first time making a circuit for many atendees. It was great to see how people without much electronics experience, figured out circuit making and playing, together.
[^unrepair-night]: The (un)repair cafe is a by-weekly hangout at the Klankschool, where we modify, hack and repair devices. Check the [calendar](https://calendar.klank.school/) for the next event!
[^about-klankschool]: Klankschool is a loose-knit group of sonic practitioners based in Rotterdam who share a common interest in performances, sound art, improvisation and noise. Everyone involved is a teacher, student, musician, janitor and more.
# To fix
<ins>positiviere angle repair van [@jacksonRethinkingRepair2014]</ins>
## Oud
<ins>Feedback: er staat nu nog niets over how to print</ins>
<ins>Opruimen die handel!</ins>
Dit kan weg? A big reason for this increasing amount of waste is, surprise, the amount of technology being created. My *innovative* electric tooth has Bluetooth. And with issues like lack of repairability, topped off with a whiff of technological obsolescence (more on that later), but it causes us to want shiny new instead of used and old, you get a hazardous e-waste cocktail that's hard to swallow.
On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. When I write about how things work, please take it with a grain of salt. This guide represents my personal understanding, which, no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. If you have suggestions for improvement, feel free to reach out or submit a pull request with your insights.

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---
title: "Gathering"
title: "Gathering hardware"
type: Chapter
slug: true
front: true
@ -7,14 +7,12 @@ front: true
---
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
When salvaging parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside, but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional] in our consumer culture. These devices can be a literal goldmine[^goldmine] of working parts that could be repurposed, as their hardware probably exceeded their stylistic obsolescence[^stylistic-obsolescence].
When salvaging parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside, but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional] in our consumer culture. These devices can be a literal goldmine of working parts that could be repurposed, as their inner parts probably still function, it’s the stylistic obsolescence [^stylistic-obsolescence] that is the problem.
<ins>Hier in eerste instantie uitgebreider over obsolescence spreken, zodat je daar later weer aan kunt referereren</ins>
<ins>Here, I would like to go much more into detail about obsolescence and the different ways it presents itself, so I can refer back to it at a later point. Using [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] & [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]</ins>
[^no-longer-functional]:The spectrum of "still fine" and "no longer deemed as functional" is very wide. Think about printers for which their specific cartridges are no longer produced, Blu-ray players, the E.T. game that was buried, that iPhone 8 with a bad battery, Spotify's "Car Thing", etc.
[^goldmine]: <ins>Something about the metals/minerals to be found</ins>
[^stylistic-obsolescence]: **stylistic obsolescence** The idea that objects can go out of fashion the idea, and therefore needed to be replaced every season [@sterneOutTrashFuture2007]
I’ve identified 3 strategies in gathering the electronic hardware.
@ -22,29 +20,17 @@ I’ve identified 3 strategies in gathering the electronic hardware.
##### 1. Browsing the streets
I feel like with great waste “comes to you”. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks has not been very fruitful for me. The success is dependent on where you live and the waste regulations and activities[^waste-activities]. Information about waste management should[^should-be-communicated] be communicated via the municipality[^unbinair-waste].
[^unbinair-waste]: <ins>Hier de Unbinare tekst gebruiken mbt hidden waste en de verandering hierin. En ergens heb ik ook een andere tekst gelezen over het verstoppen van waste streams</ins>
[^unbinair-waste]: <ins>I would like to mention the hidden waste streams discussed in [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste]</ins>
[^waste-activities]: In Rotterdam, there are various Whatsapp & Facebook groups exchanging geo loctions for great trash.
[^should-be-communicated]: The municipality waste guide website & app of Rotterdam is not functioning and has not been updated since 2022.
##### 2. Donations from friends & family
As you’ll enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavours, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. A large portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. hier moet nog eenpagina nummer bij
<ins>Hier kun je nog iets zeggen over die paper met waaarom mensen dingen bewaren [@gegenbauerIPodsAtarisPolaroids2012]</ins>
As you’ll enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavours, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. A large portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011].
##### 3. Institutional discards
Institutions where electronic hardware is not their day-to-day business usually[^usually-solution] do not have a systematic solution for their e-waste. Many have a system in place to replace their hardware (printers, computers, etc. ), every 5 years. The remainders are put in storage.
Institutions where electronic hardware is not their day-to-day business usually do not have a systematic solution for their e-waste. Many have a system in place to replace their hardware (printers, computers, etc. ), every 5 years. The remainders are put in storage. This could be you!
[^usually-solution]: <ins> Is dat zo of denk je dat maar?</ins>
<ins>Hier en donations from friends & family heeft ook nog iets te maken met een soort greenwashing/shift in responsibility, maar dat nog niet helemaal kunnen duiden. </ins>
## Salvaging vs. Hoarding
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made off? What time period is it from? Which companies manufactured the device and it's parts? Do I see any use for it now? If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.
<ins> kringloop zat hier niet op je t wachten, remember?</ins>
Verder wil je hier nog iets vertellen over het vetstoppen van waste streams. Bijvoorbeeld hoe er op de websites van coolblue & samsung eigenlijk niets te zien is over waar de waste dan naartoe gaat. Het wordt ingezet als een service ; het onztorgen van de consument.
## Pick you battles
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made off? What time period is it from? Which companies manufactured the device and it's parts? Do I see any use for it now? If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.

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src/content/chapters/1-dismantling.md
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front: true
---
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device.
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Find a workspace where you can easily move your device around, and a container or a jar for all small parts & screws.
![Create a toolkit that works for you!](/assets/chapters/toolkit.webp)
### Some tools for opening devices
For this, the following tools are recommended:
<ins>afbeelding</ins>
- A set of screwdrivers
- A set of screwdrivers with various bits [^bits]
- A plastic “thing” (e.g. a plectrum, or a dull plastic knife)
- multimeter
-
Dependent on your device, additional specialty tools might be required, such as:[^apple-tools]
- multimeter <ins>I will write a bit of glossary to include short instructions on multimeters<ins>
- A saw/knife to cut away plastic
- A drill to drill trough damaged screws
- A hot air gun
- A drill/dremmel/saw to cut away plastic
[^apple-tools]: In een footnote iets over die dure apple tools?
[^bits]: To make your life a bit more difficult; Apple designed their very own "Pentalobe" screws. At the time, no store sold the right screwdriver for these screws, and using an incorrect screwdriver could damage the screws of your macbook, making it even more difficult to get inside.
## Opening the device
In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. These service manuals contain valuable information that can help you to understand the device and to take it apart. Unfortunately, most of the devices I’ve taken apart did not publish their service manuals, meaning we have to figure it out ourselves. Luckily, there are online communities that create their own dismantling guides[^lack].
@ -46,6 +40,6 @@ This process really is about finding small gaps in the enclosures[^black-boxism]
[^inside]: The inside can tell you more about the time the device was made in. For instance, I mostly find aluminum and iron type materials on the inside of older machines.
<ins>Dit verhaal gaan ondersteunen met illustraties/foto's </ins>
<ins>I will include a series of pictures that show the different issues that arise when opening a device; for instance: the following of the seam to click open the little tabs, the screws hidden behind stickers, warrenty stickers and messages </ins>
<ins>Praten over hoe eventueel the manual een onderdeel van heb object zou kunnen zijn, pagina 14 op [@matternStepStepThinking2024] en pagina 2 van [@parksCrackingOpenSet2000]</ins>
<ins>I would like to include more about the Right to Repair, and how the manual could be part of the object itself (page 14 of [@matternStepStepThinking2024] en pagina 2 van [@parksCrackingOpenSet2000])</ins>

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@ -7,46 +7,49 @@ front: true
---
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
Once you've uncovered the PCB[^PCB] and other loose parts of the device[^parts], we can try to identify the various components. In general PCB's are made with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are _extremely_ tiny[^tiny] and soldered _on top of_ a PCB. Due to their size, they are really difficult to handle. Their size makes it difficult to read any type of value notation, and actually soldering SMD components is such a frustrating process.[^collapse-OS]. THT components are bigger and have "legs" which are pushed trough holes drilled in the PCB, making them easier to solder & desolder.
[^PCB]: Printed Circuit Board
[^parts]: <ins>Illustration of all parts </ins>
[^tiny]: <ins>how tiny, include an image</ins>
[^collapse-OS]: <ins>reference naar Collapse OS mbt THT vs SMD en de apocalypse.</ins>
Once you've uncovered the PCB[^PCB] and other loose parts of the device, we can try to identify the various components. In general PCB's are made with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are _extremely_ tiny[^tiny] and soldered _on top of_ a PCB. Due to their size, they are really difficult to handle. Their size makes it difficult to read any type of value notation, and actually soldering SMD components is such a frustrating process.[^collapse-OS]. THT components are bigger and have "legs" which are pushed trough holes drilled in the PCB, making them easier to solder & desolder.
[^PCB]: Printed Circuit Board, this is where most of the components are solderd on top of.
[^tiny]: <ins>how tiny, I should include an image</ins>
There are an almost infinite number of parts[^interchangeable_part] that can be found in electronic devices. I’ve limited the field guide to the parts that I have found, and found relevant to mention, but you’re welcome to update.
[^interchangeable_part]: To research [interchangable parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts#Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries:_dissemination_throughout_manufacturing) n.a.v. deze [post](https://northcoastsynthesis.com/news/preferred-values-for-resistors-and-capacitors/)
<ins>I would like to include more information about how to identify parts and how to find datasheets</ins>
| Name | Category | Description| Found in| Material| Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Relay| Electromechanical | Switches power| Household appliances | Copper wire, plastic, iron core||
| Fuse | Passive | Protects circuits from overflowing| Power supplies, home appliances | Metal wire, ceramic or glass casing | Current rating (A)|
| Microcontroller| IC| Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328| Embedded systems, Arduino, automation | Silicon ||
| CMOS Chips | IC| 74HC series, CD4000 series | Computers, embedded systems, digital circuits| Silicon ||
| Capacitor| Capacitor| Store a voltage| Everywhere | Ceramic, electrolytic, film| Farads (F) |
| 555 Timer| IC| A small chip that generates pulses| Timers, LED dimmers| Silicon ||
| Crystal Oscillator| Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | Quartz, metal casing | Frequency (MHz)|
| Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier) | IC| Amplifying signals| Audio circuits, sensors, control systems | Silicon ||
| Speaker | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radio’s | Copper coil, paper/plastic diaphragm | Impedance (Ω) |
| Coil | Passive Component | | Transformers, relays, wireless charging | Copper wire, Ferrite core ||
| Inductor| Passive Component | | Power supplies, RF circuits | Copper wire, Ferrite core ||
| Logic chips | IC| Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits| Silicon, Gold, Plastic ||
| Magnet | <Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | Neodymium, ferrite, alnico ||
| Potentiometer | Resistor | Limit voltage trough a knob| Volume knobs, light dimmers | Carbon, cermet| Resistance (Ohm, Ω)|
| Resistor| Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere | Carbon, metal film| Resistance (Ohm, Ω)|
| Thermistor | Resistor | Limit voltage dependant on temperature | Temperature sensors, power control| Ceramic, metal oxides| Resistance (Ohm, Ω)|
| Trimpots| Resistor | Limit voltage trough a small knob adjutable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices| Carbon, Cermet, Metal film | Resistance (Ohm, Ω)|
| Displays| Display | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | Glass, Liquid Crystal, Semiconductor ||
| Piezo disc | Ouput/Input| Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors| Quartz, ceramics ||
| Microphone | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes | Electret, diaphragm, copper wires ||
| Stepper motor | Electromechanical Device | Step based movement | Printers, disk drives, hard drives, 3d printers | Metal, Copper windings ||
| MOSFET | IC| Switching & amplification | Power supplies, motor control| Silicon, Metal Oxide | Threshold voltage (V) |
| Motor| Electromechanical Device | Moves parts of a device| Printers, blenders, vacuums | Copper coils, iron core, magnets | Voltage (V), Current (A) |
| LED (Light Emitting Diode) | Diode | Emit a small light| Everywhere | Gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide ||
| Voltage regulators| Passive Component | | Power supplies, embedded systems| Silicon, Plastic, Metal||
| Switches & buttons| Input | Interact with the device| Light switches, keyboards| Plastic, metal contacts||
| Diode| Diode | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere | Silicon, germanium||
| PCB | Misc | Where the circuit is placed on| Everywhere | ||
| NPN Transistor | Transistor | Amplification/switching| Everywhere | Silicon, germanium||
| PNP Transistor | Transistor | Amplification/switching| Everywhere | Silicon, germanium||
<ins>I would like to include info about how to desolder</ins>
[^interchangeable_part]: <ins> To research [interchangable parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts#Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries:_dissemination_throughout_manufacturing) n.a.v. deze [post](https://northcoastsynthesis.com/news/preferred-values-for-resistors-and-capacitors/)</ins>
**Name** |**Category** |**Description** |**Found in** |**Symbol** |**Value**
----------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------|------------------------
**555 Timer** |IC |A small chip that generates pulses |Timers, LED dimmers |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Capacitor** |Capacitor |Store a voltage |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|Farads (F)
**Coil** |Passive Component |These funky components can create sounds on their own |Transformers, relays, wireless charging |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Crystal Oscillator** |Passive |Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock |Devices that have processors |_nvt_ |Frequency (MHz)
**Diode** |Diode |Forces current to flow in one direction |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Displays** |Display |Display information |Monitors, calculators, embedded systems |_nvt_ |
**Fuse** |Passive |Protects circuits from overflowing |Power supplies, home appliances |_nvt_ |Current rating (A)
**Inductor** |Passive Component |Not sure yet |Power supplies, RF circuits |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**LED (Light Emitting Diode)** |Diode |Emit a small light |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Logic chips** |IC |Create logic and switches |Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**MOSFET** |IC |Not sure yet |Power supplies, motor control |_TBA schematic symbol_|Threshold voltage (V)
**Magnet** |Misc |Electromagnetic applications, motors |Speakers, hard drives |_nvt_ |
**Microcontroller** |IC |Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 |Embedded systems, Arduino, automation |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Microphone** |Input |Record sound |Phones, vapes |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Motor** |Electromechanical Device|Spins when a power is applied |Printers, blenders, vacuums |_TBA schematic symbol_|Voltage (V), Current (A)
**NPN Transistor** |Transistor |Amplification/switching |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier)**|IC |Amplifying signals |Audio circuits, sensors, control systems |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**PCB** |Misc |Where the circuit is placed on |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**PNP Transistor** |Transistor |Amplification/switching |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Piezo disc** |Ouput/Input |Records or creates vibrations |Buzzers, sensors |_nvt_ |
**Potentiometer** |Resistor |Limiting voltage trough a knob |Volume knobs, light dimmers |_TBA schematic symbol_|Resistance (Ohm, Ω)
**Relay** |Electromechanical |Switches power |Household appliances |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Resistor** |Resistor |Limiting voltage |Everywhere! |_TBA schematic symbol_|Resistance (Ohm, Ω)
**Speaker** |Ouput |Outputs sound |Toys, (portable) radio’s |_TBA schematic symbol_|Impedance (Ω)
**Stepper motor** |Electromechanical Device|Device that creates a step based movement |Printers, disk drives, hard drives, 3d printers|_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Switches & buttons** |Input |Interact with the device |Light switches, keyboards |_TBA schematic symbol_|
**Thermistor** |Resistor |Limiting voltage dependant on temperature |Not sure yet |_TBA schematic symbol_|Resistance (Ohm, Ω)
**Trimpots** |Resistor |Limit voltage trough a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver|Audio circuits, calibration devices |_TBA schematic symbol_|Resistance (Ohm, Ω)
**Voltage regulators** |Passive Component |Not sure yet |Power supplies, embedded systems |_TBA schematic symbol_|

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@ -45,4 +45,7 @@ There is no need to understand every single component on each recipe [^no-need],
- - **watch that smell** “magic smoke” has a certain smell. Unplug
## Toevoegen
Dirty electronics spreekt ook van het opnieuw opschalen van electronics “With the ever-decreasing size and miniaturisation of electronics, the work of Dirty Electronics often attempts to re-size technology to human scale. The idea expressed by David Tudor of composing inside electronics is re-addressed with the intention of thinking of composing ‘outside’ electronics, where a music driven by electronics is also” [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]
Dirty electronics spreekt ook van het opnieuw opschalen van electronics “With the ever-decreasing size and miniaturisation of electronics, the work of Dirty Electronics often attempts to re-size technology to human scale. The idea expressed by David Tudor of composing inside electronics is re-addressed with the intention of thinking of composing ‘outside’ electronics, where a music driven by electronics is also” [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]
Welke componenten vervangbaar zijn. Circuit bending methodieken

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At this point in the salvaging process, where I (very dramatically) sit in the middle of a workshop surrounded by caresses of printers, cassette recorders and radio’s, I need to think about what to do with the remainders of the project. It becomes very clear to me how the actions of a *field guide to salvaging sound devices* are “just” a literal intervention in the bigger scheme of things. In the lifecycle of e-waste, I applied a small detour in the hardware that was being sent to the landfill, before bringing it to a mileupark.
Hopefully by now you’ve managed to build and explore some raging sound devices! For me, this is the moment to sit in the middle of a workshop surrounded by caresses of printers, cassette recorders and radio’s, and deal with the remainders. It becomes clear how the actions are a small intervention in the bigger lifecycle of waste. We extended the life of the hardware for a bit and created the moment of celebration, [@lulinvegaHolisticApproachComputing] and now the majority [^majority]of the hardware will continue on their cycle.
[Question: welke afdeling zijn er in het milieupark? Kan ik daar nog afval verder scheiden.]
[^majority]: Majority in terms of size. I’m strategically keeping all components, but keeping the plastic carcas of an CD Player/Radio just does not make sense.
Do note that the small detour is not “wasted”[^pun] time or effort. We were able to create the moment of celebration as the 100 rabbits would like us to do. We extended the life of the hardware for a bit to uncover black boxes together. To me personally it was already valuable to be able to dismantle hardware with both kids and my mom (shoutout), and view the hardware from their perspective.
### Difficulties in salvaging
During the dismantling of the devices in chapter 1, we discovered, trough threatening stickers, obscure bits and strong glue that many of the devices did not want to be opened. Their plastic containers are very “final” forms, every attempt to drill or cut results in rough scars rather than a transformation of form.
This moment of having to return it to the mileupark shows that this intervention did not change much, as one person or one repair cafe cannot do. It does call for better legislation and regulation, and put the responsibility of the disposal back to where the material came from, in my opinion at least, improved design processes and a different mindset. It is one thing to return your iPhone to the Apple Store to buy a new one, it’s another thing to embrace not having the latest phone. So it still keeps this cycle of consuming and disposing in place, instead of forcing Apple to create actual ownership of the waste that they create. Thank you. Hoewel recycling programma’s zoals deze vast een zekere effect hebben, zeggen ze niets over waar hardware utieindelijk eindigt [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007] daarnaast is een randvoorwaarden van het inleveren vaak dat je eerst een nieuw apparaat aanschaft, wat alleen een soort greenwashing van consumeren creeert. https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/. Op de website van samsung staat letterlijk “Stap 1. Koop je nieuwe toestel met inruilvoordeel op samsung.com”. Er wordt geen woord gerept over wat er gebeurt. alleebn “et krijgt een nieuwe bestemming of wordt volledig verwerkt.”. Nog ironischer wordt het wanneer je verder zoekt op de website van de inruil partner van samsung, l8p. Over inruil wordt hier ook hee lief gezegd, we geven je toestel een tweede leven bij een nieuwe eigenaar. Echter op de webshop wordt er gerept over “s: deze producten zijn nieuw, nooit (of beperkt) gebruikt en in originele toestand. “ Wat is het
Instead of modifying the salvaged device after it’s consumed, the possibility for appropriation should actually already be in the blueprint during the design process, before it’s even built [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Manufactures, both of end products and materials, should carry a responsibility for their objects, not only during the manufacturing but extended to the entire lifecycle.
Unfortunately, as Remy and Huang discuss, *unintentional absolescence*, is built into the system. The two main goals of the IT industry, researching new technologies and sell more products, actively work against many attempts of improving repair and reuse [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015] [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015]. Some major product companies, such as Coolblue, Apple and Samsung, have started recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
[^samsung]: For instance, [Samsungs recycle program](https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/) starts with *“Stap 1. Koop je nieuwe toestel met inruilvoordeel op samsung.com”‌*.
## Regulations
But hopefully salvaging will become somewhat easier in the upcoming years, due to regulation pushed by the Right to Repair movement in the EU. A new *Battery Regulation* requires batteries to be removable without specialised tools in 2027. Spare parts should be available longer (depending on the type of device), and the *Ecodesign regulations* dictate which parts should be replaceable, the level of expertise needed for the replacement and if specialty tools are required.
The regulations are limited to specific product groups, and mostly focussed towards consumer products such as phones, televisions and fridges. Meaning that
**Something here about business bought products (context is the Netherlands) are excluded**
**something about that the regulations also include stuff about parts paring, so it seems that with every regulation, new strategies to ontwijk it emerge**
With all of these repairable products, we’d still need the skills and the services to repair them. Martine Postma, initiator of the first Repair Cafe, advocates to teach repair as skill in high school, and create more opleidingen tot repair person, as the amount of people being able to perform repairs, is also lowering rapidly. Additionally, she argues that the taxes scale between buying a new product and paying for a repair is out of balance, causing repair to be the lesser option money wise. [@postmaWeggooienMooiNiet2015]
As Jennifer Gabry’s concludes we shouldn’t strive for a zero waste utopia and in that way hide the waste, yet find we should [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [JA WAT MOETEN WE EIGENLIJK DOEN VOLGENS HAAR - VERDER LEZEN]. By actively engaging with the salvaged hardware, we are able to uncover some black boxes, as we did in chapter 2, dismantling. [kunnen we hier nog iets over black boxes zeggen?]
[^pun]: pun intended
## Room to salvage
When we desoldered all of the capacitors, resistors, chips and whatnot in chapter 3, I was happily surprised with how many of them still worked. Actually, most of the broken objects only had one or two faults in them, yet were thrown out in their entirety.
Uit de tekst van dirty electronics wordt dit ook benoemd An advantage of using microcontrollers is that less discrete electronic components are needed in a circuit design. And of course, it is possible to reprogram the microcontroller. [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]
“It is not simply a case of just playing these objects as instruments, but of exploring their properties at a fundamental level In many instances, repertoire is ‘found’ in the object rather than played on the instrument” (Richards 2017a, p. 243).
→ ik zie hier wel een soort verband met de tekst van digital rubbish, waarbij ook opnieuw naar properties van materialen gekeken moet worden.
[@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015] heeft het over unintentional absolescence (lief), wat het resultaat is van twee kenmerken van het veld van HCi & ubiquitus computing: research nieuwe technologieen en meer producten verkopen. Dit samen zorgt dus voor unintentional obsolescence. Veel van de oplossingen om absolescence tegen te gaan, werken deze twee doelen tegen.
M
- solo = niet te doen. Eigenlijk zou je een soort vorm moeten hebben qua uitwisseling van hardware, zodat je niet in je eentje mega veel weerstandjes hebt, maar dit uitwisselt/ruilt.
- en waarom is het niet te doen? SMD componenten. Daarin is het overduidelijk te zien dat de hardware niet met de gedachte is ontworpen dat er ooit nog iemand anders bij zou komen, of het nu voor maintenance of salvaging is.
## Ideeen
Within recycling there is loads of greenwashing. Falling apart (Parks, n.d.)[@parksFallingApartElectronics2007] text gebruiken hier.
Feedback: * Je beantwoord de vraag heel erg vanuit het perspectief van de maker van sound devices, wat heel goed is, maar je maakt weinig connecties met het grotere plaatje, right to repair movement, planned obsolesence, e-waste, werkelijke kosten van wegwerp maatschappij. Ik denk dat Mattern's tekst misschien een goede inspiratie is hier, als voorbeeld van hoe je een koppeling kunt maken tussen het hands on doen en 'de big picture' van wat moeten we eigenlijk repareren, de apparaten of het systeem dat ze produceerd?
## Over waarom microcontrollers
Uit de tekst van dirty electronics wordt dit ook benoemd An advantage of using microcontrollers is that less discrete electronic components are needed in a circuit design. And of course, it is possible to reprogram the microcontroller. [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]