more words, smaller images

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vitrinekast
2025-04-22 20:36:41 +02:00
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app.py
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@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ def count_words_in_markdown(text):
# Remove enumerations
text = re.sub(r"[0-9#]*\.", "", text)
print("counting!")
print(text)
return len(text.split())

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@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
@article{devalkRefusingBurdenComputation2021,
title = {Refusing the {{Burden}} of {{Computation}}: {{Edge Computing}} and {{Sustainable ICT}}},
shorttitle = {Refusing the {{Burden}} of {{Computation}}},
author = {De Valk, Marloes},
author = {{de Valk}, Marloes},
year = {2021},
month = aug,
journal = {A Peer-Reviewed Journal About},
@ -302,6 +302,20 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/NFQC58VX/De Valk - 2021 - Refusing the Burden of Computation Edge Computing and Sustainable ICT.pdf}
}
@misc{devalkSalvageComputing,
title = {Salvage Computing},
author = {{de Valk}, Marloes},
urldate = {2025-02-25},
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/salvage\_computing/},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/4XTV5G7X/salvage_computing.html}
}
@article{devalkSalvagedComputing,
title = {Salvaged Computing},
author = {{de Valk}, Marloes},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/MQW7QESH/PDF document.pdf}
}
@misc{DirtyElectronicsPopup2020,
title = {Dirty {{Electronics Pop-up}} for {{Collaborative Music-making}}},
year = {2020},
@ -924,12 +938,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/7FSUWZ2X/Mansoux et al. - 2023 - Permacomputing Aesthetics Potential and Limits of Constraints in Computational Art, Design and Cult.pdf}
}
@article{marloesdevalkSalvagedComputing,
title = {Salvaged Computing},
author = {{Marloes de Valk}},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/MQW7QESH/PDF document.pdf}
}
@article{matternMaintenanceCare2018,
title = {Maintenance and {{Care}}},
author = {Mattern, Shannon},
@ -987,7 +995,7 @@
shorttitle = {Getting Started in Electronics},
author = {Mims, Forrest M.},
year = {1983},
edition = {4. ed., 13. printing},
edition = {4},
publisher = {Master Publishing},
address = {Niles, Ill},
isbn = {978-0-945053-28-6},
@ -1415,13 +1423,6 @@
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/EE6U37KD/Roura et al. - 2021 - Circular digital devices lessons about the social and planetary boundaries.pdf}
}
@misc{SalvageComputing,
title = {Salvage Computing},
urldate = {2025-02-25},
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/salvage\_computing/},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/4XTV5G7X/salvage_computing.html}
}
@misc{selwynWhatMightDegrowth2022,
title = {What Might Degrowth Computing Look Like?},
author = {Selwyn, Neil},
@ -1491,6 +1492,7 @@
doi = {10.21428/bf6fb269.8b56b095},
urldate = {2025-01-05},
langid = {english},
keywords = {transistors},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/ZSGCB24X/Sutherland - 2021 - Design Aspirations for Energy Autarkic Information Systems in a Future with Limits.pdf}
}
@ -1540,7 +1542,6 @@
urldate = {2025-03-11},
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to define the process of iterative interface design as it pertains to musical performance. Embodying this design approach, the Monome OSC/MIDI USB controller represents a minimalist, open-source hardware device. The open-source nature of the device has allowed for a small group of Monome users to modify the hardware, firmware, and software associated with the interface. These user driven modifications have allowed the re-imagining of the interface for new and novel purposes, beyond even that of the device's original intentions. With development being driven by a community of users, a device can become several related but unique generations of musical controllers, each one focused on a specific set of needs.},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0, Open Access},
langid = {american},
keywords = {new},
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/LIBHVK7L/Vallis et al. - 2010 - A Shift Towards Iterative And Open-Source Design For Musical Interfaces.pdf}
}

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@ -49,3 +49,8 @@
.sample:hover {
background-color: var(--accent);
}
[data-max-height="130px"] {
max-height: 130px;
}

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@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
table {
border-spacing: 0px;
}
tr img {
max-height: 30px;
max-width: 30px;
}
thead {
display: table-header-group;
position: sticky;
@ -20,10 +14,6 @@ tr {
border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}
th:nth-child(3) {
width: 30%;
}
td, th {
padding: 0.25em;
font-size: 9px;
@ -36,10 +26,25 @@ th {
height: 40px;
}
th:nth-child(3) {
width: 30%;
}
td:empty {
display: none;
}
tr img {
max-height: 30px;
max-width: 30px;
}
.table-wide td, .table-wide th {
width: 100% !important;
}
div.table-wide table, table.table-wide, .table-inline {
width: calc(100% +var(--footnote-w)) !important;
margin-right: calc((var(--footnote-w) * -1));

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@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ front: false
>> The real long-term future of computing consists of figuring out how to make the best possible use we can out of the literal millions of devices which already exist.
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)<span style=“display: none;”)[@marloesdevalkSalvagedComputing]</cite>
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)
<span style="display: none;">[@devalkSalvagedComputing]</span></cite>
Beware! If youve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAW-less, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, sound devices an alternative resource: trash, youve come to the right place.
@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ Instead, what you will learn to build using this guide is a starting point. Smal
Within the DIY Sound community, DIWO workshops are a common way of sharing knowledge [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017], covering a wide range of topics, from the construction to bending and hacking and live coding. Where it is not only about sound
In the DIY synth community, DIWO (Do It With Others) is a common way of sharing knowledge. These often very horizontal workshops are a way of skillsharing. The field guide is no exception on that, and partly came together during (un)repair cafe events at klank.school. I think these DIWO practices are very powerfull. Not only saves it you from having to make an investment in specific tools, working with electronics and waste can be a frustrating process, and DIWO can help share the leed. Having conversations about the material whilest working with the material cna be a way to deepen the relationship with the mateiral.
In the DIY synth community, DIWO (Do It With Others) is a common way of sharing knowledge. These often very horizontal workshops are a way of skillsharing. The field guide is no exception on that, and partly came together during (un)repair cafe events at klank.school. I think these DIWO practices are very powerfull. Not only saves it you from having to make an investment in specific tools, working with electronics and waste can be a frustrating process, and DIWO can help share the leed. Having conversations about the material whilest working with the material cna be a way to deepen the relationship with the mateiral.
Repair is often and historically organised as a social activity - opening up workplaces and sharing knowledge[@matternStepStepThinking2024]. <ins>expand more on the social</ins>. This notion a major part of the DIY Synth community [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]. By being part of workshops and gatherings around DIY sound and repair I've noticed how empowering these exchanges can be [^exchange]. This guide itself is created during and around so-called *(un)repair nights[^unrepair-night]* at the klankschool[^about-klankschool]. I would really encourage you to do DIWO this guide too. The frustrating process that can be learning electronics is much better to manage when shared.

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@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ Trying to engage with these streams differently, by salvaging, not just discardi
[^solo]: My attempts to establish a relationship with the secondhand shop failed. Out of pity I was allowed to snoop in their garbage bin (which was locked away and filled with goodies). Their waste was already part of a monetized system, and my presence didnt fit.
<!-- Artist & reverse engineer Maurits Fennis calls for a change of question where, instead of inventing more products to “solve” the e-waste crisis, we rethink what e-waste is in the first place? [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022] -->
## Pick your battles
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time dates it from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now?
Great devices are; things that have an audio input and output, radios, casette players, anything that has parts that move, <ins>hier verder op uitpakken</ins>
If I dont expect much, Ill leave it for the next person to salvage.

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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ nested: "components"
front: true
---
Once youve broken your device down into its individual puzzle pieces, we can zoom in on them more closely. Chances are you uncovered one or more Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), and—very generally speaking—some kind of input and output components, all connected by several types of wire[^wires]. For example, inside a digital picture frame I found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, a two-sided PCB, and an antenna.
Once youve broken your device down into its individual puzzle pieces, we can zoom in on them more closely. Is there anything that immidiatly sparks your interest? Did you already uncover unexpected materials? Chances are you uncovered one or more Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), and—very generally speaking—some kind of input and output components, all connected by several types of wire[^wires]. For example, inside a digital picture frame I found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, a two-sided PCB, and an antenna.
PCBs are populated with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are very small and soldered directly onto the board's surface. Their size makes labels hard to read, and theyre designed for automated assembly, making them impractical for salvage[^tried]. Thats why I rarely salvage from computer-type devices. These usually contain nothing but SMD components and lack interesting interactions or mechanical parts.

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@ -12,11 +12,9 @@ Hopefully, youve salvaged a variety of components by now, and we can start to
Every recipe contains a paper circuit[^paper-circuit-ciat] to print. These circuits are the blueprint of your device, between a schematic and a industrial PCB. The biggest advantage of using paper, apart from being able to solder the connections of your components right on top of the circuit, is that it is paper. You can take notes, draw lines and adjust the schematic as you go. This saves you from either having to use toxic chemcials to etch your own circuit boards, or outsourcing the development.
<ins>why are PCB's bad</ins>
[^paper-circuit-ciat]: A method introduced by synthesizer builder Ciat Lonbarde, who used paper circuits as a way to distribute circuits and ideas for free @blasserStoresMall2015 .
### Assembling the circuit[^assembly]
### Assembling the circuit
1. Cut out the circuit and fold it in half, creating a two sided print
2. Gather the components listed in the "Bill of Materials" (BOM)
3. Populate the first components by pinning the legs trough the paper in their designated areas. Keep an eye on the orientation[^orientation]. Start small (resistors) then move to larger parts.
@ -24,8 +22,6 @@ Every recipe contains a paper circuit[^paper-circuit-ciat] to print. These circu
5. Repeat until all components are in place!
6. Test & triple-check all connections [^triple-check].
[^assembly]: <ins>something about tools</ins>
[^orientation]: Some capacitors, LED's and other components all have a specific polarity/orientation.
[^triple-check]: With salvaged components you'll have a limited supply. Test to prevent component loss.
@ -34,9 +30,6 @@ There is no need to understand every single component on each recipe [^no-need],
[^no-need]:Rule #17 from Handmade Electronic Music states "If it sounds good and doesnt smoke, dont worry if you dont understand it." @collinsHandmadeElectronicMusic2009.
If you want to build a modular, my advice is not to do it if you want to have any friends, it takes too much time. > [source](https://web.archive.org/web/20151011091344/http://www.irfp.net/Projects/machines/Modular.html)
### !Safety notes!
- **Audio can be surprisingly loud**. Use small speakers (never headphones![^headphones]) you wouldnt miss if they break, and keep your hand on the volume dial when plugging in your sound device for the first time

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title: "References (generated)"
title: "References"
type: Chapter
slug: true
front: false

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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IEEE_
alsoKnownAs: "knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor, dial"
---
Youll find resistors in nearly every electronic device and schematic. Its useful to keep a wide range of values around, from 1 ohm up to 10 million ohms. Their colored bands indicate their value. In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.
Youll find resistors in nearly every electronic device and schematic. Its useful to keep a wide range of values around, from 1Ω up to 10 million Ω. Their colored bands indicate their value. In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.
Variable resistors—like photoresistors and potentiometers—are especially worth salvaging, along with their knobs[^knobs]. They make your circuit interactive with your circuit.
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Variable resistors—like photoresistors and potentiometers—are especially wor
### Types of resistors
- carbon or metal film resistor
* Comes in different values, marked with color bands*
*Comes in different values, marked with color bands*
- Photoresistor
*Changes resistance based on amient light levels.*
- Potentiometer

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@ -14,17 +14,19 @@ alsoKnownAs: "cap, condenser"
Capacitors come in all sizes. Ive seen ones as big as a coffee cup, and SMD types so small theyre barely visible. Like resistors, these passive components appear in nearly all circuits and store small amounts of electricity. This is measured in farads (F).
:::{.table-inline}
| Capacitor Type | Typical Value Range | Dielectric Material | Polarised |
|-----------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Ceramic | 1 pF 100 nF | Ceramic (e.g., C0G/NP0) | No |
| Electrolytic (Aluminum)| 0.1 µF 10,000 µF | Aluminum oxide | Yes |
| Film | 1 nF 10 µF | Polyester, Polypropylene | No |
| Capacitor Type | Typical Value Range | Polarised |
|-----------------------|-------------------------|-------|
| Ceramic | 1 pF 100 nF | No |
| Electrolytic (Aluminum)| 0.1 µF 10,000 µF | Yes |
| Film | 1 nF 10 µF | No |
:::
### Salvaging capacitors safely
Capacitors store electricity even after power is cut. Touching a charged one can shock you. Larger types, like those in camera flashes or TVs, can store a dangerous amount. Always discharge big capacitors before storing. I do this by shorting the legs with a screwdriver. This may cause a small spark, as youve just created a short circuit.
### Testing capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors dont age well. Left unused, they have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years [@jangUnplannedObsolescenceHardware2017]. After that, they can leak, spreading a yellow gooey material over the PCB, causing other connections to malfunction.
Electrolytic capacitors dont age well. Left unused, they have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years [@jangUnplannedObsolescenceHardware2017]. After that, they can leak, spreading a yellow gooey material over the PCB, causing other connections to malfunction [^malfunction].
You can verify the capacitor's capacitance with a multimeter. In continuity mode, which beeps if theres a connection, Touch both legs of the discharged capacitor with the probes: no sound, or a continuous volume/pitch, the capacitor is dead. Otherwise, its fine. Surprisingly, most of the capacitors that Ive tested (that didnt visually leak) passed the test and were still usable, even the electrolytic ones.
[^malfunction]: Surprisingly, most of the capacitors that Ive tested (that didnt visually leak) passed the test and were still usable, even the electrolytic ones.
You can verify the capacitor's capacitance with a multimeter. In continuity mode, which beeps if theres a connection, Touch both legs of the discharged capacitor with the probes: no sound, or a continuous volume/pitch, the capacitor is dead. Otherwise, its fine.

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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ alsoKnownAs: "IC, Intergrated Circuit"
Chips, or integrated circuits, are tiny black boxes packed with microscopic components. Youll find them on nearly every modern circuit board. Some handle small, specific tasks, like controlling LEDs, while others run full operating systems.
Let the size not fool you. The creation of a chip, from toxic chemicals to the black container, involves around 300 steps, during which 99% of material byproduct is discarded, creating hazardous waste sites [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. So, if there is one part worth salvaging, its this one.
Don't let the size fool you! The creation of a chip, from toxic chemicals to the black container, involves around 300 steps, during which 99% of material byproduct is discarded, creating hazardous waste sites [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. So, if there is one part worth salvaging, its this one.
Unfortunately, as modular as they might seem, reusing chips is not plug 'n play. While some are common and well-documented, most are obscured and specific. For instance, reusing the network chip found in a USB phone can lead to a rabbit hole of reverse engineering. And then you find a another phone that has a slightly different chip, and the process starts all over again.

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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ images:
alt: 'This would be a great alt text'
---
Inputs and outputs are often the most visible parts of an electronic device—and among the most accessible to salvage.
Inputs and outputs are often the most visible parts of an electronic device—and among the most accessible to salvage. It is with these components that salvaging often begins (and ends), because they are the parts that are most often visible on the outside, and thus carry the cultural context of the device. But this visibility is a double-edged sword: it risks turning salvaging and recycling into solely aesthetic choices, causing the possibility of *greenwashing* your practice.
:::{.table-inline}
| Output Type | Use Case | Salvage Source | Notes |
@ -20,10 +20,8 @@ Inputs and outputs are often the most visible parts of an electronic device—an
| LCD/OLED Screen | Visual interface | Phones, media players | Often undocumented, tricky reuse |
:::
It is with these components that salvaging often begins (and ends), because they are the parts that are most often visible on the outside, and thus carry the cultural context of the device. But this visibility is a double-edged sword: it risks turning salvaging and recycling into solely aesthetic choices, causing the possibility of *greenwashing* your practice.
Recycling facilities, manufactures and product design universtiries often tend to focus on *recycling*, when talking about reducing e-waste. But among the levels of circularity _reduce, reuse, repair, recycle, refuse_, recycling is the least effective. More then half of material is lost when going trough the recycling process, and often includes the shipping of the waste to countires where labour is cheap and less environmental laws causing a toxic process for the workeres and the environemnt[@ifixitRecyclingDestruction] [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [@rouraCircularDigitalDevices2021]. Shredding a phone doesnt just lose raw material; it erases the labor, energy, and environmental costs embedded in its original creation. And then—often—a new phone replaces it.
Our practice—building instruments, experimenting with electronics—sits outside this loop. Its not just post-consumption; its _pre-production_. We're back at the beginning, making something new from what already exists. Thats why how we present our instruments matters. Not as market-ready eco-products with cheerful music, but as a refusal to pretend reuse is clean or easy. Recycling is the last resort. Making is the first.
Richards argues that *Object Hood* is the central theme of DIY/repurposing. Trough hacking and bending you can amplify certain propoperties of the object. [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017]. Trough the use of piezo discs, where you can amplify the material, or utalising the electromagnetic field, found in dc motors.
Richards argues that *Object Hood* is the central theme of DIY/repurposing. Trough hacking and bending you can amplify certain propoperties of the object. [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017]. Trough the use of piezo discs, where you can amplify the material, or utalising the electromagnetic field, found in dc motors.

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@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ Printed Circuit Boards, or PCBs, are the panels on which the electronic circuit
[^fiberglass]: Fiberglass is very strong, but can be sawn through. When sawing, make sure you wear the right protection, microfibers can end up anywhere.
The copper tracks on a PCB are usually covered with a green protective layer, known as solder mask. Sand this off and to expose the copper underneath, ready to solder onto again.
The copper tracks on a PCB are usually covered with a green protective layer, known as solder mask. Sand this off and to expose the copper underneath, ready to solder onto again.
Most boards are labeled. They can include a date, information about connections, component numbering[^component-numbering], and sometimes even their their values [^monotron].
Not all PCBs follow the industrial template. Artists and other tinkerers have come up with alternatives: the paper circuits of Ciat-Lonbarde, or Dirty Electronics boards made from wood and nails. For our circuits, these approaches are ideal—still flexible, still open to change.
Not all PCBs follow the industrial template. Artists and other tinkerers have come up with alternatives: the paper circuits of Ciat-Lonbarde, or Dirty Electronics boards made from wood and nails. These kinds of formats offer a more punk-diy way of publishing projects, where the format is not set in stone. Paper can be cut, nails can be moved, inviting a maker to explore the circuit more then just soldering a pre-compiled kit.[@blasserStoresMall2015][@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013] For our circuits, these approaches are ideal—still flexible, still open to change.
[^component-numbering]: The schematic contains references to the component number, helping with debugging.
[^monotron]: Some devices take this idea further. The Korg Monotron includes extra patch points directly on the board for DIY mods and expansions.
[^monotron]: Some devices take this idea further. The Korg Monotron includes extra patch points directly on the board for DIY mods and expansions.

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@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ description: This is a description
image: "./assets/devices/casette_recorder.jpeg"
---
The cassette recorder has been donated, after Joak had to repair it one to many times. They modded the recorder to their own liking by adjusting the audio jacks.
<ins>Who is Joak</ins>
At the moment, I've only started to dismantle small parts. The device contained several removable PCB's, as if they were memory cards.
The cassette recorder has been donated, after Joak had to repair it one to many times. They modded the recorder to their own liking by adjusting the audio jacks.
I'm keen to get my hands on the tape heads and any audio related circuitry.
At the moment, I've only started to dismantle small parts. The device contained several removable PCB's, as if they were memory cards.
I'm keen to get my hands on the tape heads and any audio related circuitry.

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@ -15,12 +15,9 @@ pcb: "./recipes/PCB-keyboard/sketch.png"
This recipe uses the SingleTransistorOsc created in a previous recipe. The keyboard will replace the resistor of the SingleTransistorOsc that is in charge of the pitch. That pitch resistor will now be on the keyboard.
<img src="./recipes/PCB-keyboard/keyboard.png" height="150px" />
From a PCB that you have salvaged, remove _all_ of the components and, with a piece of sandpaper, scratch off the green mask of the PCB, making the coper visible. This causes the traces on the PCB to become conductive. [^sidenote].
[^sidenote]: <ins>This recipe is very much a WIP. The samples and images will be replaced with more clear examples</ins>
<img src="./recipes/PCB-keyboard/keyboard.webp" height="150px" />
From a PCB that you have salvaged, remove _all_ of the components and, with a piece of sandpaper, scratch off the green mask of the PCB, making the coper visible. This causes the traces on the PCB to become conductive.
Find or make a bunch of tracks, or traces, that are not connected to each other (using the multimeter). These will act as your wires! To one trace, solder the audio in from the SingleTransistorOsc. Find a trace nearby, close enough that if you can touch the two traces with your thumb, and solder a resistor on that trace. The other end of the resistor should go back to your SingleTransistorOsc.
Now, when you touch both traces with your finger, a bridge is created, closing the circuit, and causing the audio signal to go trough your resistor back into the original circuit. If you do this multiple times with various resistor values, you've create a playable keyboard!

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@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ This *super simple oscillator circuit*[^easy] makes use of something called a "r
[^easy]: I am very fed up with the amount of times someone has said something would be easy. It is not.
[^reddit]: This is why Reddit has advised against building this oscillator. But this is the only sound generating schematic that has worked so far and doesn't use chips.
<ins>reddit link</ins>
### Powering
Select the amount of voltage you need based on the transistor[^datasheet] you have. Mine needed 18V, so using alligator clips, I've connected our previously built power supply.
[^datasheet]: Find a datasheet online to discover your transistors' voltage limits before plugging in the circuit <ins>should I talk about datasheets more?</ins>
[^datasheet]: Find a datasheet online to discover your transistors' voltage limits before plugging in the circuit
### Testing & Troubleshooting
After double-checking all your connections, hook the audio out to an amplified speaker (like a small JBL). No sound? Here are things to try:

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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ You could skip the capacitors and resistors and just connect the batteries toget
[^18V]: You can also get 18V: treat the -9V pin as 0V, making the 9V pin 18V
![Since this power supply will be used a lot, I made it a bit more permanent by glueing it to a piece of wood.](./recipes/power-supply/photo.jpeg)
![Since this power supply will be used a lot, I made it a bit more permanent by glueing it to a piece of wood.](./recipes/power-supply/photo.jpeg){ max-height=130px }
[^smooth]: ![The capacitor can filter electrical spikes for a more smooth voltage input](./recipes/power-supply/filtering.png){ height=30px }