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3 Commits
d4cb947df0
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184d003e55
| Author | SHA1 | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 184d003e55 | |||
| 011a3306df | |||
| 2360e76965 |
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ At the moment, `dist` is part of the `.gitignore`!
|
||||
Within the `content` directory, you can create/edit markdown files. When compiling the markdown content, `app.py` will look for jinja templates in the `templates` directory. If the markdown file is in the root of `content`, it will try to load a template with the same filename as the markdown file. For instance, `about.md` will look for `about.jinja`.
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||||
If the markdown file is in a subdirectory, it will look for a template with the same name as the subdirectory. At the moment, there is no functionality for deep nested folders. So, `recipes/tomato-soup.md` wants `recipes.jinja`. If the template does not exist, the default template is `post.jinja`.
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||||
|
||||
The project uses [Jinja](https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/), which allows for extending templates, using variables, looping trough variables, and other funky features!
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||||
The project uses [Jinja](https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/), which allows for extending templates, using variables, looping through variables, and other funky features!
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||||
|
||||
Additionally, `component-inventory.csv` is loaded as a dataset.
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||||
|
||||
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||||
2
app.py
2
app.py
@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ def count_words_in_markdown(text):
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||||
# Remove enumerations
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||||
text = re.sub(r"[0-9#]*\.", "", text)
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||||
|
||||
print("counting!")
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||||
print(text)
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||||
return len(text.split())
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
87
library.bib
87
library.bib
@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
|
||||
urldate = {2025-01-05},
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||||
abstract = {Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly developing environmental problem particularly for the most developed countries. There are technological solutions for processing it, but these are costly, and the cheaper option for most developed countries has been to export most of the waste to less developed countries. There are various laws and policies for regulating the processing of e-waste at different governance scales such as the international Basel Convention, the regional Bamoko Convention, and various national laws. However, many of the regulations are not fully implemented and there is substantial financial pressure to maintain the jobs created for processing e-waste. Mexico, Brazil, Ghana Nigeria, India, and China have been selected for a more detailed study of the transboundary movements of e-waste. This includes a systematic review of existing literature, the application of the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework for analysing complex problems associated with social ecological systems, and the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the environmental impact of electronic devices from their manufacture through to their final disposal. Japan, Italy, Switzerland, and Norway have been selected for the LCA to show how e-waste is diverted to developing countries, as there is not sufficient data available for the assessment from the selected developing countries. GOOD, BAD and UGLY outcomes have been identified from this study: the GOOD is the creation of jobs and the use of e-waste as a source of raw materials; the BAD is the exacerbation of the already poor environmental conditions in developing countries; the UGLY is the negative impact on the health of workers processing e-waste due to a wide range of toxic components in this waste. There are a number of management options that are available to reduce the impact of the BAD and the UGLY, such as adopting the concept of a circular economy, urban mining, reducing loopholes and improving existing policies and regulations, as well as reducing the disparity in income between the top and bottom of the management hierarchy for e-waste disposal. The overarching message is a request for developed countries to help developing countries in the fight against e-waste, rather than exporting their environmental problems to these poorer regions.},
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||||
copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
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langid = {english},
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file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6P788A6M/Abalansa et al. - 2021 - Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries The GOOD, the BAD and t.pdf}
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langid = {english}
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||||
}
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||||
@book{aclandResidualMedia2007,
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@ -46,8 +45,7 @@
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||||
journal = {iFixit},
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||||
urldate = {2025-04-20},
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||||
abstract = {Most of the time, you shouldn't be scared of self\&\#x2d;repair, no matter what a sticker says.},
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||||
langid = {english},
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||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/SCEPGCMA/warranty-void-stickers-are-illegal-in-the-us-what-about-elsewhere.html}
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langid = {english}
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||||
}
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||||
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||||
@techreport{baldeGlobalEWasteMonitor2024,
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@ -125,8 +123,7 @@
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title = {All the {{Noises}}: {{Hijacking Listening Machines}} for {{Performative Research}}},
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author = {Bowers, John and Green, Owen},
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abstract = {Research into machine listening has intensified in recent years creating a variety of techniques for recognising musical features suitable, for example, in musicological analysis or commercial application in song recognition. Within NIME, several projects exist seeking to make these techniques useful in real-time music making. However, we debate whether the functionally-oriented approaches inherited from engineering domains that much machine listening research manifests is fully suited to the exploratory, divergent, boundary-stretching, uncertainty-seeking, playful and irreverent orientations of many artists. To explore this, we engaged in a concerted collaborative design exercise in which many different listening algorithms were implemented and presented with input which challenged their customary range of application and the implicit norms of musicality which research can take for granted. An immersive 3D spatialised multichannel environment was created in which the algorithms could be explored in a hybrid installation/performance/lecture form of research presentation. The paper closes with reflections on the creative value of `hijacking' formal approaches into deviant contexts, the typically undocumented practical know-how required to make algorithms work, the productivity of a playfully irreverent relationship between engineering and artistic approaches to NIME, and a sketch of a sonocybernetic aesthetics for our work.},
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langid = {english},
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file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/2ZLACHGS/Bowers and Green - All the Noises Hijacking Listening Machines for Performative Research.pdf}
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||||
langid = {english}
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||||
}
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||||
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||||
@misc{bowersNotHyperNot2005,
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@ -174,7 +171,7 @@
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||||
abstract = {The US wants to manufacture chips again --- but there's a dark, overlooked history.},
|
||||
howpublished = {https://www.theverge.com/features/611297/manufacturing-workers-semiconductor-computer-chip-birth-defect},
|
||||
langid = {american},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6G8IIDT5/article.pdf}
|
||||
keywords = {chip}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@misc{chamberlainApple8217sRecyclingProgram2024,
|
||||
@ -289,7 +286,7 @@
|
||||
@article{devalkRefusingBurdenComputation2021,
|
||||
title = {Refusing the {{Burden}} of {{Computation}}: {{Edge Computing}} and {{Sustainable ICT}}},
|
||||
shorttitle = {Refusing the {{Burden}} of {{Computation}}},
|
||||
author = {De Valk, Marloes},
|
||||
author = {{de Valk}, Marloes},
|
||||
year = {2021},
|
||||
month = aug,
|
||||
journal = {A Peer-Reviewed Journal About},
|
||||
@ -305,6 +302,20 @@
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/NFQC58VX/De Valk - 2021 - Refusing the Burden of Computation Edge Computing and Sustainable ICT.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@misc{devalkSalvageComputing,
|
||||
title = {Salvage Computing},
|
||||
author = {{de Valk}, Marloes},
|
||||
urldate = {2025-02-25},
|
||||
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/salvage\_computing/},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/4XTV5G7X/salvage_computing.html}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@article{devalkSalvagedComputing,
|
||||
title = {Salvaged Computing},
|
||||
author = {{de Valk}, Marloes},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/MQW7QESH/PDF document.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@misc{DirtyElectronicsPopup2020,
|
||||
title = {Dirty {{Electronics Pop-up}} for {{Collaborative Music-making}}},
|
||||
year = {2020},
|
||||
@ -413,7 +424,7 @@
|
||||
urldate = {2025-03-10},
|
||||
isbn = {978-0-472-90029-9 978-0-472-11761-1},
|
||||
langid = {american},
|
||||
keywords = {check note,reading atm,summarised,toppertje},
|
||||
keywords = {check note,chip,reading atm,summarised,toppertje},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/PZB4D642/Gabrys - 2011 - Digital rubbish a natural history of electronics.pdf}
|
||||
}
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||||
|
||||
@ -492,19 +503,6 @@
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/3CLBB35B/96764.html}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@book{heimsCyberneticsGroup1991,
|
||||
title = {The Cybernetics Group},
|
||||
author = {Heims, Steve J.},
|
||||
year = {1991},
|
||||
publisher = {MIT Press},
|
||||
address = {Cambridge, Mass},
|
||||
isbn = {978-0-262-08200-6},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
lccn = {H62.5.U5 H45 1991},
|
||||
keywords = {Science},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/F7GQ3EYL/Heims - 1991 - The cybernetics group.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@book{hertzArtDIYElectronics2023,
|
||||
title = {Art + {{DIY}} Electronics},
|
||||
author = {Hertz, Garnet},
|
||||
@ -606,6 +604,14 @@
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/6SL672CT/Huhtamo and Parikka - 2011 - Media archaeology approaches, applications, and implications.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@misc{ifixitRecyclingDestruction,
|
||||
title = {Recycling Is {{Destruction}}},
|
||||
author = {{iFixit}},
|
||||
urldate = {2025-04-22},
|
||||
howpublished = {https://www.ifixit.com/Right-to-Repair/Recycling},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/GEHC3KUX/Recycling.html}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@article{ilesMappingEnvironmentalJustice2004,
|
||||
title = {Mapping {{Environmental Justice}} in {{Technology Flows}}: {{Computer Waste Impacts}} in {{Asia}}},
|
||||
shorttitle = {Mapping {{Environmental Justice}} in {{Technology Flows}}},
|
||||
@ -816,7 +822,7 @@
|
||||
urldate = {2025-01-05},
|
||||
isbn = {978-1-4503-7595-5},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {toppertje},
|
||||
keywords = {chips,toppertje,toxic,transistors},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/NEBEZJ9M/Lepawsky - 2020 - Towards a World of Fixers Examining barriers and enablers of widely deployed third-party repair for.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -932,12 +938,6 @@
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/7FSUWZ2X/Mansoux et al. - 2023 - Permacomputing Aesthetics Potential and Limits of Constraints in Computational Art, Design and Cult.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@article{marloesdevalkSalvagedComputing,
|
||||
title = {Salvaged Computing},
|
||||
author = {{Marloes de Valk}},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/MQW7QESH/PDF document.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@article{matternMaintenanceCare2018,
|
||||
title = {Maintenance and {{Care}}},
|
||||
author = {Mattern, Shannon},
|
||||
@ -995,7 +995,7 @@
|
||||
shorttitle = {Getting Started in Electronics},
|
||||
author = {Mims, Forrest M.},
|
||||
year = {1983},
|
||||
edition = {4. ed., 13. printing},
|
||||
edition = {4},
|
||||
publisher = {Master Publishing},
|
||||
address = {Niles, Ill},
|
||||
isbn = {978-0-945053-28-6},
|
||||
@ -1003,19 +1003,6 @@
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/WVMHNRFB/Mims - 2014 - Getting started in electronics a complete electronics course in 128 pages!.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@book{mindellHumanMachineFeedback2002,
|
||||
title = {Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics},
|
||||
shorttitle = {Between Human and Machine},
|
||||
author = {Mindell, David A.},
|
||||
year = {2002},
|
||||
series = {Johns {{Hopkins}} Studies in the History of Technology},
|
||||
publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
|
||||
address = {Baltimore},
|
||||
isbn = {978-0-8018-6895-5 978-0-8018-7774-2},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/X5EIETEA/Mindell - 2002 - Between human and machine feedback, control, and computing before cybernetics.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@article{MooresLaw2025,
|
||||
title = {Moore's Law},
|
||||
year = {2025},
|
||||
@ -1025,6 +1012,7 @@
|
||||
abstract = {Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship. It is an experience-curve law, a type of law quantifying efficiency gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel and former CEO of the latter, who in 1965 noted that the number of components per integrated circuit had been doubling every year, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41\%. Moore's empirical evidence did not directly imply that the historical trend would continue, nevertheless, his prediction has held since 1975 and has since become known as a law. Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development (R\&D). Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted prices of microprocessors, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view.},
|
||||
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {chip},
|
||||
annotation = {Page Version ID: 1283756153},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/LLNRZSRV/Moore's_law.html}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -1176,7 +1164,7 @@
|
||||
collaborator = {Acland, Charles R.},
|
||||
isbn = {978-0-8166-4472-8 978-0-8166-4471-1},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {check note,hiding waste streams,summarised,to summarise,toppertje},
|
||||
keywords = {check note,hiding waste streams,moores law,Obsolescence,summarised,to summarise,toppertje},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/CAIF3ZWR/Parks - Falling Apart Electronics Salvaging and the Global Media Economy.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1435,13 +1423,6 @@
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/EE6U37KD/Roura et al. - 2021 - Circular digital devices lessons about the social and planetary boundaries.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@misc{SalvageComputing,
|
||||
title = {Salvage Computing},
|
||||
urldate = {2025-02-25},
|
||||
howpublished = {https://permacomputing.net/salvage\_computing/},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/4XTV5G7X/salvage_computing.html}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@misc{selwynWhatMightDegrowth2022,
|
||||
title = {What Might Degrowth Computing Look Like?},
|
||||
author = {Selwyn, Neil},
|
||||
@ -1465,7 +1446,7 @@
|
||||
isbn = {978-0-674-02203-4},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
lccn = {609.730 9},
|
||||
keywords = {Obsolescence,summarised},
|
||||
keywords = {chip,Obsolescence,summarised},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/HC67UT6D/Slade - 2006 - Made to break technology and obsolescence in America.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1478,6 +1459,7 @@
|
||||
pages = {16--31},
|
||||
publisher = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press},
|
||||
isbn = {0-8166-4471-3},
|
||||
langid = {american},
|
||||
keywords = {check note,summarised,toppertje},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/334DAPWQ/OutwiththeTrash.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -1510,6 +1492,7 @@
|
||||
doi = {10.21428/bf6fb269.8b56b095},
|
||||
urldate = {2025-01-05},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {transistors},
|
||||
file = {/Users/Rosa/Zotero/storage/ZSGCB24X/Sutherland - 2021 - Design Aspirations for Energy Autarkic Information Systems in a Future with Limits.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -104,41 +104,6 @@ article table tr, .csl-entry {
|
||||
break-inside: avoid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
tr img {
|
||||
max-height: 30px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
thead {
|
||||
display: table-header-group;
|
||||
position: sticky;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
tfoot {
|
||||
display: table-footer-group;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
tr {
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid black;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
th:nth-child(3) {
|
||||
width: 30%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
td, th {
|
||||
padding: 0.25em;
|
||||
font-size: 7px;
|
||||
height: 30px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
th {
|
||||
padding: 0.25em;
|
||||
height: 40px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
td:empty {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.grid p {
|
||||
display: grid;
|
||||
@ -221,30 +186,3 @@ figcaption:before {
|
||||
.image-list img {
|
||||
max-width: calc(100% - var(--footnote-w) + 2rem);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
div.table-wide table, table.table-wide {
|
||||
width: calc(100% +var(--footnote-w)) !important;
|
||||
margin-right: calc((var(--footnote-w) * -1));
|
||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
||||
table-layout: fixed;
|
||||
-fs-table-paginate: paginate;
|
||||
page-break-inside: auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wide td, .table-wide th {
|
||||
height: auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wide tr:last-child:not(:first-child) {
|
||||
border-bottom: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
table.table-wide tr, .table-wide table tr {
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px dotted grey;
|
||||
display: grid;
|
||||
grid-template-columns: 70px 65px 3fr 3fr 25px 1fr;
|
||||
width: calc(100% + var(--footnote-w));
|
||||
min-height: 30px;
|
||||
align-items: center;
|
||||
max-width: calc(var(--pagedjs-pagebox-width) - var(--pagedjs-margin-right) - var(--pagedjs-margin-left))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -49,3 +49,8 @@
|
||||
.sample:hover {
|
||||
background-color: var(--accent);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[data-max-height="130px"] {
|
||||
max-height: 130px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -37,6 +37,13 @@ body {
|
||||
counter-reset: page;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[template-type="circuit"] {
|
||||
page: circuit;
|
||||
break-before: page;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@page {
|
||||
size: A5;
|
||||
margin: 13mm var(--print-margin-x);
|
||||
@ -234,7 +241,7 @@ article:has([data-chapter-title]), article:has([data-subchapter-title]) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wide {
|
||||
break-before: page;
|
||||
/* break-before: page; */
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
article>*:first-of-type:is(table) {
|
||||
@ -248,3 +255,7 @@ article>*:first-of-type:is(table) {
|
||||
.fix-break-left {
|
||||
break-after: right;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h2:has( + p ), h3:has( + p ), h4:has( + p ), h5:has( + p ), h6:has( + p ) {
|
||||
break-after: avoid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
75
src/assets/styles/table.css
Normal file
75
src/assets/styles/table.css
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
table {
|
||||
border-spacing: 0px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
thead {
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
display: table-footer-group;
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid black;
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
padding: 0.25em;
|
||||
font-size: 9px;
|
||||
height: 30px;
|
||||
overflow-wrap: break-word;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
th {
|
||||
padding: 0.25em;
|
||||
height: 40px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
th:nth-child(3) {
|
||||
width: 30%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
td:empty {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
tr img {
|
||||
max-height: 30px;
|
||||
max-width: 30px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wide td, .table-wide th {
|
||||
width: 100% !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
div.table-wide table, table.table-wide, .table-inline {
|
||||
width: calc(100% +var(--footnote-w)) !important;
|
||||
margin-right: calc((var(--footnote-w) * -1));
|
||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
||||
table-layout: fixed;
|
||||
-fs-table-paginate: paginate;
|
||||
page-break-inside: auto;
|
||||
clear: both;
|
||||
margin-bottom: .5rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wide td, .table-wide th, .table-inline td, .table-inline th {
|
||||
height: auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wide tr:last-child:not(:first-child) {
|
||||
border-bottom: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
table.table-wide tr, .table-wide table tr {
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px dotted grey;
|
||||
display: grid;
|
||||
grid-template-columns: 70px 65px 3fr 3fr 45px;
|
||||
width: calc(100% + var(--footnote-w));
|
||||
min-height: 30px;
|
||||
align-items: center;
|
||||
max-width: calc(var(--pagedjs-pagebox-width) - var(--pagedjs-margin-right) - var(--pagedjs-margin-left))
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ h6 {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h2 {
|
||||
font-size: 1.3em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
h4,
|
||||
h5,
|
||||
h6 {
|
||||
@ -197,6 +200,7 @@ sup li p,
|
||||
article li:has(.footnote-back) p {
|
||||
margin-top: 0;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 8px;
|
||||
font-weight: normal;
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
aside hr {
|
||||
@ -253,3 +257,12 @@ h1 + ul, h2 + ul, h3 + ul, h4 + ul, h5 + ul, h6 + ul, h7 + ul {
|
||||
background-color: var(--accent);
|
||||
color: black;
|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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color: black;
|
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font-family: monospace;
|
||||
padding: .5em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -7,17 +7,20 @@ front: false
|
||||
|
||||
>> The real long-term future of computing consists of figuring out how to make the best possible use we can out of the literal millions of devices which already exist.
|
||||
|
||||
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)</cite>
|
||||
<cite>(Solderpunk, 2020, Cited in de Valk, 2022)
|
||||
<span style="display: none;">[@devalkSalvagedComputing]</span></cite>
|
||||
|
||||
Beware! If you’ve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAW-less, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, noise boxes using an alternative resource: trash, you’ve come to the right place.
|
||||
Beware! If you’ve picked up this publication expecting to learn how to make a flawless, DAW-less, in tune and always working polysynth, think again. However, if you, like me, are interested in making screamy, dreamy, sound devices using an alternative resource: trash, you’ve come to the right place.
|
||||
|
||||
When I first read about salvage computing, I got very excited. Being part of the DIY Sound community, I’ve developed a growing discomfort with some aspects of the practice. Over the past few years, I’ve hosted workshops around circuit bending[^circuit-bending] and LOFI sound devices in and around Rotterdam. These workshops are meant as an accessible way to get people tinkering with electronics, through something infinitely playful: making instruments[^playful].
|
||||
When I first read about salvage computing, I got very excited. Being part of the DIY Sound community, as a sound practitioner and hardware hacker, I’ve developed a growing discomfort with some aspects of the practice. Over the past few years, I’ve hosted workshops around circuit bending[^circuit-bending] and LOFI sound devices in and around Rotterdam. These workshops are meant as an accessible way to get people tinkering with electronics, through something infinitely playful: making instruments[^playful].
|
||||
|
||||
[^circuit-bending]: the practice around hacking discarded toys to find sonic potential through creating shorts, or sometimes literally bending the circuit.
|
||||
|
||||
[^playful]: Making instruments is an engaging way to learn about and work with the flow of electricity
|
||||
|
||||
In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^printer-subscription], disruptive products become obsolete within a year[^AI-pin], fixing flat tires is outsourced [^swapfiets] and some smartphones literally have to be frozen [^frozen] to be able to replace the battery, it’s clear we’re no longer in charge of our own devices. Warranty-void stickers and lengthy terms and conditions scare us into compliance. I’ve noticed how empowering these first-time soldering workshops can be in taking back this autonomy by making (or breaking) a circuit together. They are a shared attempt to uncover some of the black boxes in our own products [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. However, the toys and materials used in the workshops are single-use [^single-use] and, with ease, thrown out afterward. The carelessness notion creeps in that waste has no value, and is easily replaceable, and broke my heart a bit, one workshop at a time.
|
||||
In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^printer-subscription], disruptive products become obsolete within a year[^AI-pin], fixing your own flat tires is outsourced [^swapfiets] and some smartphones literally have to be frozen to be able to replace the battery [^frozen], it’s clear we’re no longer in charge of our own devices. Warranty-void stickers and lengthy terms and conditions scare us into compliance.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve noticed how empowering these first-time soldering workshops can be in taking back this autonomy by making (or breaking) a circuit together. They are a shared attempt to uncover some of the black boxes in our own products [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. However, the toys and materials used in the workshops are single-use [^single-use] and, with ease, thrown out afterward. The carelessness notion creeps in that waste has no value, and is easily replaceable, and broke my heart a bit, one workshop at a time.
|
||||
|
||||
[^printer-subscription]: HP’s “all-inclusive” printers can only be used with an active subscription [@hachmanNightmareRealHP2024].
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,55 +30,52 @@ In an ecosystem where a printer is only printing with a costly subscription [^pr
|
||||
|
||||
[^frozen]: The Nothing Phone scored a 1/10 in iFixit's repairability score [@havardEssentialPhoneTeardown2017]
|
||||
|
||||
[^single-use]: and often required much preparation in terms of collecting, transporting, repairing, testing, and cleaning.
|
||||
[^single-use]: and often require much preparation in terms of collecting, transporting, repairing, testing, and cleaning.
|
||||
|
||||
This is where the field guide comes into play: Can we shift the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the waste streams they are part of? Limiting ourselves to only use salvaged components and discovering; is it possible to live off (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild? And what would such a practice entail?
|
||||
|
||||
Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place. Waste is not only obsolete media but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic product; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to the inevitable disposal site [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Since the rate at which waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace as our collective buying and production, the landfills will continue to grow. Parikka even goes as far to say as that recycling is ultimately "trade-waste", where our abandoned devices are shipped across the ocean [@parikkaDustMatter2012].
|
||||
Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that create the waste in the first place. Not only the obsolete media but also the by-product of the entire production lifecycle of an electronic product; From the mining of minerals that make up the hardware to the inevitable disposal site [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Since the rate at which waste is collected and recycled isn't growing at the same pace as our collective buying and production, the landfills will continue to grow. Parikka even goes as far to say as that recycling is ultimately "trade-waste", where our abandoned devices are shipped across the ocean <ins>hier moet nog wat achter</ins>[@parikkaDustMatter2012].
|
||||
|
||||
## Beyond the kit
|
||||
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing a project, it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics or even sell it as a pre-compiled kit[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY: making do with what you have, with a focus on doing, and not the "thing" [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound devices, preventing the development of much-needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
|
||||
The preference for buying new is noticeable in the DIY synth community as well. When publishing a project, it's common to share a pre-filled webshop cart along with the schematics or even sell it as a pre-compiled kit[^KIT]. To me, this goes against the ethos of DIY that resonates with me the most: making do with what you have, with a focus on doing, and not the outcome [@hertzArtDIYElectronics2023]. Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound devices, preventing the development of much-needed problem-solving skills, and not actually discovering anything new [@CooperativeExperimentalismSharing].
|
||||
|
||||
[^KIT]: 
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Echt foto's maken...</ins>
|
||||
Instead, what you will learn to build using this guide is a starting point. Small electronic circuits that produce sound on their own, but can also be duplicated, manipulated, and modulated into something completely different. The chaos is up to you. Some experience with electronics is preferred, as the guide will not go into detail about voltages and amps, or how to solder. There are other, more suitable resources for that. On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. This guide represents my personal understanding of electronics, which, in no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. It can however offer you insights and practical tools to incorporate salvaging into your own practice.
|
||||
|
||||
Within the DIY Sound community, DIWO workshops are a common way of sharing knowledge [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017], covering a wide range of topics, from the construction to bending and hacking and live coding. Where it is not only about sound <ins>afmaken</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
In the DIY synth community, DIWO (Do It With Others) is a common way of sharing knowledge. These often very horizontal workshops are a way of skillsharing [^horizontal-workshops]. The field guide is no exception on that, and partly came together during (un)repair cafe events at klank.school. I think these DIWO practices are very powerfull. Not only saves it you from having to make an investment in specific tools, working with electronics and waste can be a frustrating process, and DIWO can help share the leed. Having conversations about the material whilest working with the material cna be a way to deepen the relationship with the mateiral.<ins>afmaken</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
[^horizontal-workshops]: <ins>uitleggen</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
Repair is often and historically organised as a social activity - opening up workplaces and sharing knowledge[@matternStepStepThinking2024]. <ins>expand more on the social</ins>. This notion is a major part of the DIY Synth community [@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013]. By being part of workshops and gatherings around DIY sound and repair I've noticed how empowering these exchanges can be [^exchange]. This guide itself is created during and around so-called *(un)repair nights[^unrepair-night]* at the klankschool[^about-klankschool]. . The frustrating process that can be learning electronics is much better to manage when shared.
|
||||
|
||||
[^exchange]: Especially during a [workshop in collaboration with the kunsthal](https://www.kunsthal.nl/nl/plan-je-bezoek/activiteiten/friday-night-live-operator/), where it was the first time making a circuit for many atendees. It was great to see how people without much electronics experience, figured out circuit making and playing, together.
|
||||
|
||||
[^unrepair-night]: The (un)repair cafe is a by-weekly hangout at the Klankschool, where we modify, hack and repair devices. Check the [calendar](https://calendar.klank.school/) for the next event!
|
||||
|
||||
[^about-klankschool]: Klankschool is a loose-knit group of sonic practitioners based in Rotterdam who share a common interest in performances, sound art, improvisation and noise. Everyone involved is a teacher, student, musician, janitor and more.
|
||||
|
||||
This field guide came together during and with the help of (un)repair nights at the klank.school. <ins>uitbreiden</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
{.img--fullpage}
|
||||
|
||||
Instead, what you will learn to build using this guide, is a starting point. Small electronic circuits that make sound on their own, but can also duplicated, manipulated, and modulated them into something entirely different.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To do so, it’s split up into five chapters, each focusing on a different stage of salvaging for sound devices.
|
||||
The guide is split up into five chapters, each focusing on a different stage of salvaging for sound devices.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Gathering hardware
|
||||
*We trace where to find discarded electronics, what to look for, and how industry practices like planned and stylistic obsolescence shape what ends up in the trash.*
|
||||
<ins>oke dit gaat over de waste streams en waarom dingen weggeooien: over dat bedrijven strategieen in place hebben om je het idee te geven dat je je spullen moet upgraden</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Dismantling devices
|
||||
Opening up devices to uncover design strategies that prevent access: proprietary screws, glued casings, encryption, and the disappearance of service manuals.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>hier gaat het weer meer over black boxing en planned obsolesence, dus dat het sowieso stuk gaat i guess
|
||||
En ook over de service manual</ins>
|
||||
*Opening up devices to uncover design strategies that prevent access: proprietary screws, glued casings, encryption, and the disappearance of service manuals.*
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Components to salvage
|
||||
A practical guide to identifying and extracting useful components—motors, sensors, chips—and understanding how their design reflects built-in lifespans and disposability.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Hier gaan we dan door te kijken naar componenten zien hoe de planned obsolesence in elkaar steekt</ins>
|
||||
*A practical guide to identifying and extracting useful components—motors, sensors, chips—and understanding how their design reflects built-in lifespans and disposability.*
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. Recipes for making
|
||||
Methods for prototyping, modifying, and recontextualizing salvaged parts—building experimental circuits and sound devices that embrace instability and reuse.
|
||||
|
||||
*Methods for prototyping, modifying, and reusing salvaged parts*
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. Taking inventory
|
||||
*A moment of reflection on what worked, what didn’t, and what patterns emerge when working with discarded electronics at scale.*
|
||||
<ins>Oke hier is dus een stukje reflectie op de practice, wat werkt en wat niet, en meer herhaling</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ins> Introduce yourself first (if you haven't already by giving more context about your project above). Describe your practice and what you bring to this guide (experience as a live coder, musician, designer etc. THEN you can give a disclaimer about not being an expert in electronics (you are an expert in many other fields and this expertise makes this field guide so interesting!</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
On that note, I am by no means an expert in electronics. When I write about how things work, please take it with a grain of salt. This guide represents my personal understanding, which, no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications. When in doubt, ask a friend!
|
||||
|
||||
Happy scavenging!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Thius field guide came together during and with the help of (un)repair nights at the klank.school.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -5,48 +5,47 @@ slug: true
|
||||
front: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
|
||||
When salvaging for parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional]. These devices can be a literal goldmine of working parts that could be repurposed, as they probably still function, it’s the stylistic obsolescence that is the problem.
|
||||
|
||||
When salvaging for parts, we are looking for abandoned hardware. Hardware that is still fine on the inside, but no longer deemed as functional by its previous owners[^no-longer-functional]. These devices can be a literal goldmine of working parts that could be repurposed, as their inner parts probably still function, it’s the stylistic obsolescence that is the problem.
|
||||
|
||||
Remy & Huang argue that the core goals of ICT are simply researching new technologies and selling more product [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015]. To achieve the latter, manufacturers have embraced structured obsolescence:the idea that a product has a limited lifespan and ought to be consumed and upgraded within a few years. This strategy embedded in the manufacturing, marketing and even the naming [^naming] of the product [@sterneOutTrashFuture2007]. It’s been embedded in consumer culture since the late 19th century, originally proposed as a solution for overproduction [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. As a result, many devices since have been upgraded, replaced, devalued and thrown out, before ever reaching their full potential [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]. It is exactly these machines we are looking for. So, where to find them?
|
||||
Remy & Huang argue that the core goals of ICT are simply researching new technologies and selling more products [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015]. To achieve the latter, manufacturers have embraced structured obsolescence: the idea that a product has a limited lifespan and ought to be consumed and upgraded within a few years [@sterneOutTrashFuture2007]. This strategy is embedded in the manufacturing, marketing and even the naming of products [^naming]. It’s been embedded in consumer culture since the late 19th century, originally invented as a solution for overproduction [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. As a result, many devices have since been upgraded, replaced, devalued, and thrown out, before ever reaching their full potential [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]. It is exactly these machines we are looking for. So, where to find them?
|
||||
|
||||
[^naming]: Samsung Galaxy S8, iPhone 12s, Dyson V12 Absolute. The naming itself implies there’s a next version, making yours outdated by default.
|
||||
[^no-longer-functional]: The spectrum of "still fine" and "no longer deemed as functional" is very wide; printers with discontinued cartridges, Blu-ray players , the infamous E.T. game that was buried, an iPhone 8 with a bad battery, or Spotify’s “Car Thing.”
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve identified 3 strategies for gathering the electronic hardware.
|
||||
[^no-longer-functional]: The spectrum of "still fine" and "no longer deemed as functional" is very wide; printers with discontinued cartridges, Blu-ray players, the infamous E.T. game that was buried, an iPhone 8 with a bad battery, or Spotify’s “Car Thing.”
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Browsing the streets
|
||||
I feel like good waste *“comes to you”*. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks have rarely paid off [^unbinair-waste]. Your chances depend heavily on local[^should-be-communicated]. waste policies and activities[^waste-activities]. In Rotterdam, you’ll find informal networks—WhatsApp and Facebook groups—sharing the locations of promising trash piles.
|
||||
I’ve identified 3 strategies for gathering electronic hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
[^unbinair-waste]: Artist Unbinair, who works with reverse-engineering e-waste, points out that in the early 2000s, going in e-waste walks was benificial. Squatter communities actively repaired and reused these discarded devices. Now that e-waste is channeled into designated recycling centres, the waste stream has become more concealed, obstructing repair-based reuse.[@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022].
|
||||
#### 1. Institutional discards
|
||||
Offices, schools, museums, or other companies often replace their hardware every 5 years, whether it’s broken or not, due to tax incentives<ins>reference: nieuw kopen is ingecalculeerd</ins>. If electronics aren’t central to their operations, their leftovers often gather dust. Keep your ears open, utilise your network, these forgotten machines could be your best source.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Browsing the streets
|
||||
I feel like good waste “comes to you”. Keep your eyes open, look around. Actively going on waste walks has not paid off [^unbinair-waste]. Their chances depend heavily on local waste policies [^should-be-communicated] and activities[^waste-activities].
|
||||
|
||||
[^unbinair-waste]: Artist Unbinair, who works with reverse-engineering e-waste, points out that in the early 2000s, going on e-waste walks was more beneficial. and squatter communities actively repaired and reused these discarded devices. Now that e-waste is channeled into designated recycling centers, the waste stream has become more concealed, obstructing repair-based reuse [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022].
|
||||
|
||||
[^waste-activities]: In Rotterdam, there are various WhatsApp & Facebook groups exchanging geo locations for great trash.
|
||||
|
||||
[^should-be-communicated]: The municipality waste guide website & app of Rotterdam is not functioning and has not been updated since 2022
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Donations from friends & family
|
||||
As you enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavors, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. Since a large portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value, most would be happy to find such a good destination as you [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. Might be time to check your own skeletons in the closet
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Institutional discards
|
||||
Offices, schools, and other companies often replace their hardware every 5 years, whether it’s broken or not, due to tax incentives. But if electronics aren’t central to their operations, their leftovers often gather dust. These forgotten machines could be your best source.
|
||||
#### 3. Donations from friends & family
|
||||
As you enthusiastically keep your friends & family in the loop about your salvaging endeavors, you’ll notice the phenomenon of donations. Since a sizable portion of our replaced computing devices still reside in our storage units, waiting to be of any value, most would be happy to find such a good destination as you [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011].
|
||||
|
||||
## Infiltrating the waste stream
|
||||
My attempts to create a more consistent waste-income through more official routes have not been very successful. These established waste streams, where trash is being collected, organised, and processed in multiple facilities, are quite difficult to discover. Rotterdam collects e-waste via official centers and drop-off bins, usually placed inside supermarkets. The emphasis in communnication is on bringing waste in. What happens after is vague, and leans heavily on the promise of a circular economy[^circulair-economy].
|
||||
My attempts to create a consistent waste-income through more official routes have not been successful. These established waste streams, where trash is being collected, organized, and processed in multiple facilities, are difficult to trace. Rotterdam collects e-waste via official centers and drop-off bins, usually placed inside supermarkets. The emphasis is on bringing waste in. What happens after is vague and leans heavily on a promise of a circular economy[^circular-economy].
|
||||
|
||||
[^circulair-economy]: A model where everything is recycled, nothing is wasted, and new raw materials are never needed. A seductive but mostly mythical narrative, that keeps consumers consuming.
|
||||
[^circular-economy]: A model where everything is recycled, nothing is wasted, and new raw materials are never needed. A seductive but mostly mythical narrative, that keeps consumers consuming.
|
||||
|
||||
Trying to engage with these streams differently—by salvaging, not just discarding—is nearly impossible. Access is restricted. The method of exchange is to translate the waste into monetary value, only being transported in the [bulk](https://my.stichting-open.org/productlist-external). It is not allowed to *take* form recycling centers: Solo salvaging is not invited in this transaction.
|
||||
Alternatively, the devices can be returned to the manufacturer through recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a customer journey [^samsung]<ins>onduidelijke einde zin</ins>. This relieves the consumer of the disposal responsibility but keeps the cycle of buying new unaltered.
|
||||
|
||||
Artist & reverse engineer Maurits Fennis calls for a change of question where, instead of inventing more products to “solve” the e-waste crisis, we rethink what e-waste is in the first place? [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022]
|
||||
[^samsung]: For instance, Samsungs recycle program starts with “Step 1. Buy your new device with trade-in discount on samsung.com”.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, the devices can be returned to the manufacturer, trough recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
|
||||
Trying to engage with these streams differently, by salvaging, not just discarding, is nearly impossible. Access is tightly controlled. Waste is only moved when it can be translated into monetary value, and even then, only in bulk. Taking from recycling centers is prohibited; solo salvaging has no place in this transaction[^solo].
|
||||
|
||||
[^samsung]: For instance, [Samsungs recycle program](https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/) starts with *“Step 1. Buy your new device with trade-in discount on samsung.com”*.
|
||||
|
||||
My attempts to establish a relationship with the secondhand shop failed. Out of pity I was allowed to snoop in their garbage bin (which was locked away and filled with goodies). Their waste was already part of a monetized system, and my presence didn’t fit.
|
||||
[^solo]: My attempts to establish a relationship with the thrift shop failed. Out of pity I was allowed to snoop in their garbage bin (which was locked away and filled with goodies). Their waste was already part of a monetized system, and my presence didn’t fit.
|
||||
|
||||
## Pick your battles
|
||||
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time period is it from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now?
|
||||
When inspecting a device for salvage possibilities, I try to imagine what the inside of the device looks like. What kind of components might I find? Are there any motors or moving parts? What kind of material is the device made of? What time period does it come from? Which companies manufactured the device and its parts? Do I see any use for it now?
|
||||
|
||||
Great devices are; things that have an audio input and output, radios, casette players, anything that has parts that move, <ins>hier verder op uitpakken</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
If I don’t expect much, I’ll leave it for the next person to salvage.
|
||||
@ -3,23 +3,16 @@ title: "Dismantling"
|
||||
type: Chapter
|
||||
slug: true
|
||||
front: true
|
||||
images:
|
||||
- src: /chapters/angles_2.JPG
|
||||
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
|
||||
- src: /chapters/angles.JPG
|
||||
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
|
||||
- src: /assets/components/PCB_1.JPG
|
||||
alt: 'Need to include more different PCBs'
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Find a workspace where you can easily move your device around and a container or a jar for all small parts & screws. To take the device apart, we will need some tools. Which specifically differ a bit per device, but this is what I have in my own toolkit:
|
||||
Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device. Let's set up a workspace where you can easily move your device around and keep track of small parts. To take the device apart, we will need some tools. Which specifically differ a bit per device, but this is what I have in my own toolkit:
|
||||
|
||||
#### To open devices
|
||||
- A set of screwdrivers with various bits and sizes [^bits]
|
||||
- Spudger or pick — *Used to pry open seams without damaging the casing.*
|
||||
- Plastic spudger or pick — *Used to pry open seams without damaging the casing.*
|
||||
- Saw or utility knife - *cut through plastic cases or stubborn sections.*
|
||||
- Flat pliers - *for heavy duty pulling*
|
||||
- Drill - *to drill trough stuck and damaged screws*
|
||||
- Drill - *to drill through stuck and damaged screws*
|
||||
- Tweezers
|
||||
|
||||
#### For salvaging & making
|
||||
@ -33,20 +26,20 @@ Once you've found a piece of hardware, it's time to start dismantling the device
|
||||
- Battery powered speakers for listening + audio cable
|
||||
- 9V batteries
|
||||
|
||||
[^bits]: Apple designed their own *pentalobe* screws for the. When first released in 2009, no hardwarestore sold these bits, locking you out of your device.
|
||||
[^bits]: Apple designed their own *pentalobe* screws for their products. When first released in 2009, no hardware store sold these bits, locking you out of your device.
|
||||
|
||||
[^copper-wire]: These save you from stripping wires repeatedly. I found mine cheaply in the model-making store.
|
||||
|
||||
{.img--fullpage}
|
||||
|
||||
## Opening the device
|
||||
In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. But in most cases, we’re left to figure it out ourselves. Fortunately, online communities like IFixIt create their own teardown guides, that can sometimes give us a head start.
|
||||
## Opening up
|
||||
It's not always clear where to start. Grabbing a heavy duty tool immediatly could result in permanent damage. It is better to start more carefully. In some cases, product manufacturers provide service manuals[^repair-manual]. But in most cases, we’re left to figure it out ourselves. Fortunately, online communities like IFixIt create their own teardown guides, that can sometimes give us a head start.
|
||||
|
||||
[^repair-manual]: These manuals contain valuable information that can help you to understand the device and to take it apart. [](https://elektrotanya.com/panasonic_rs-768us.pdf/download.html#dl)
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s take a look at the device. Can you spot any screws? They might be hidden behind warranty stickers[^warranty] or tucked away behind obscure corners. I find it helpful to follow the seams of the casing. Especially with plastic enclosures, it’s not just screws—look for small tabs or glue holding things together.
|
||||
|
||||
[^warranty]: Warranty stickers are not legally binding, as warranties are dictated by consumer laws [@aragonWarrantyVoidStickers2023].
|
||||
[^warranty]: Warranty stickers are not legally binding, as warranties are dictated by consumer laws [@aragonWarrantyVoidStickers2023].<ins>komt nog niet helemaal over, terugrelateren over waarom het kut is</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -54,16 +47,16 @@ If you manage to create a small slit gap in a seam, insert a thin plastic pic an
|
||||
|
||||
[^permanent]: A hot air gun could help to dissolve the glue, or you could cut out the plastic using a knife or drill.
|
||||
|
||||
Disassembly is really about patience and finding those small gaps in the enclosures, pulling and pushing until you've dismantled the entire device. Did you manage? Amazing! you’re now staring at the messy, material reality of your device[^inside].
|
||||
Disassembly is really about patience and finding those small gaps in the enclosures, pulling and pushing until you've dismantled the entire device. Did you manage? Amazing! You’re now staring at the messy, material reality of your device[^inside].
|
||||
|
||||
## Uncovering black boxes
|
||||
Trough design choices like hiding screws, heat stakes[^heat-stakes], strong adhesive, and using 55 different kinds of screws, it becomes clear: the manufacturer really does not want you in there. They are black boxes by design, destened to become obsolete, as servicable are not available, and components are not interchangable.
|
||||
Through design choices like hiding screws, heat stakes[^heat-stakes], strong adhesive, and using various screw sizes, it becomes clear: the manufacturer really does not want you in there. These are black boxes by design, destined to become obsolete, as replacement parts are not available, and critical components are not interchangeable. The only option is to buy an entirely new product again.
|
||||
|
||||
These methods of black boxing are an attempt to keep us unconsciously incompetent, and increases the distance between the consumer and the materiality of the device. The modern laptop is silent, not giving any indication on whatever is happening on the inside, or even where the materials come from. It is only when something breaks, that their materiality becomes a reality again [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] [@emersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021].
|
||||
The act of black boxing are an attempt to keep us unconsciously incompetent, and increases the distance between the consumer and the materiality of the device. The modern laptop is silent, not giving any indication of whatever is happening on the inside, or its material origins. It is only when something breaks, that their materiality becomes a reality again [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012] [@emersonSixDifficultInconvenient2021].
|
||||
|
||||
[^heat-stakes]: Plastic pins that are melted to hold parts in place
|
||||
|
||||
By opening the devices, however, we can rediscover materiality. In this, it becomes clear that what may appear so robust, seamless and futuristic on the outside is fragile, breakable and almost futile on the inside. With the *Multimeter* we can track the traces from the speaker to the microchip to the microphone. Or is there something else in between?
|
||||
It is by opening the devices, however, that we can rediscover materiality. Then it becomes clear that what may appear so robust, seamless, and futuristic on the outside is fragile, breakable and almost futile on the inside. With the Multimeter we can track the traces from the speaker to the microchip to the microphone. Or is there something else in between?
|
||||
|
||||
[^inside]: The inside can tell you more about the time the device was made in. For instance, I mostly find aluminum and iron type materials on the inside of older machines.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -77,7 +70,7 @@ By opening the devices, however, we can rediscover materiality. In this, it beco
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -6,66 +6,61 @@ nested: "components"
|
||||
front: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>check all "also known ass"</ins>
|
||||
Once you’ve broken your device down into its individual puzzle pieces, we can zoom in on them more closely. Is there anything that immediatly sparks your interest? Did you already uncover unexpected materials? Chances are you uncovered one or more Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), and—very generally speaking—some kind of input and output components, all connected by several types of wire[^wires]. For example, inside a digital picture frame I found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, a two-sided PCB, and an antenna.
|
||||
|
||||
The inside of your device exists of multiple parts. Chances are you’ve uncoverd one or multiple Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) and *very generally speaking* some sort of input and output components, connected via a certain type of wire[^wires]. For instance, on the inside of a digital picture frame I’ve found a power input, a battery, a screen, speakers, one PCB and an antenna.
|
||||
PCBs are populated with either “through hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are very small and soldered directly onto the board's surface. Their size makes labels hard to read, and they’re designed for automated assembly, making them impractical for salvage[^tried]. That’s why I rarely salvage from computer-type devices. These usually contain nothing but SMD components and lack interesting interactions or mechanical parts.
|
||||
|
||||
In general PCB's are populated with either "trough hole" (THT) or "surface mount" (SMD) components. SMD components are *extremely* tiny and soldered *on top of* a PCB. Their sizes makes their labels difficult to read, and they are only suitable for factory made PCB’s. This makes a large portion of parts unusable for salvage [^tried]. This is also why I never salvage from computers and smartphones. Too many tiny parts.
|
||||
|
||||
[^tried]: The biggest issue is the size of the legs, which are impossible to solder without making your own PCB's/I’ve made prototypes with cutting the entire PCB, using conductive ink, copper tape and charcoal pens. None of these strategies worked well.
|
||||
[^tried]: The biggest issue is the size of the legs, which are impossible to solder without making your own PCB's. I’ve made prototypes with cutting the entire PCB, using conductive ink, copper tape and charcoal pens. None of the strategies worked well
|
||||
|
||||
[^wires]: Great for reuse as well!
|
||||
|
||||
## Desoldering
|
||||
Desoldering parts is generally more difficult then soldering, and requires patience and practice. Ironically, desoldering guns are much more expensive then soldering irons, so here’s how i do it, without one.
|
||||
Desoldering components is generally more difficult than soldering and requires patience and practice. Ironically, desoldering guns are much more expensive than soldering irons, so here’s how I do it, without one.
|
||||
|
||||
In a well ventilated[^well-ventilated] room, heat up the blob of solder thas connects the part to the PCB using a soldering iron. After a couple of seconds, you’ll notice the solder becomes liquid[^liquid]. Then, using tweezers or a plier, i carefully pull the leg out from the backside of the board, and then do the same for the other legs. This process can take somewhere between 10 seconds and 10 minutes, and can be really frustrating.
|
||||
In a well-ventilated[^well-ventilated] room, heat up the blob of solder that connects the component to the PCB using a soldering iron. After a couple of seconds, you’ll notice the solder becomes liquid[^liquid]. Then, using tweezers or a plier, I carefully pull the leg out from the backside of the board, and then do the same for the other legs. This process can take somewhere between 10 seconds and 10 minutes and can be both frustrating and meditative.
|
||||
|
||||
[^liquid]: How fast this happens, is dependand on the temprature of the soldering iron, and the melting point of the solder that is on the board. If it won’t melt, adding a bit of your own solder helps.
|
||||
[^liquid]: How fast this happens depends on the temperature of the soldering iron and the melting point of the solder that is on the board. If it won’t melt, adding a bit of your own solder helps.
|
||||
|
||||
[^well-ventilated]: whilest modern device cannot contain led anymore, older solder will. Do not lick the PCB, clean your hands after and open a window.
|
||||
[^well-ventilated]: whilst modern devices cannot contain lead anymore, older solder will. Do not lick the PCB, clean your hands after and open a window.
|
||||
|
||||
## Parts
|
||||
There are an almost infinite number of parts[^interchangeable_part] that can be found in electronic devices. Some you’ll see in nearly every device, such as resistors, others are more rare. In the next few pages I’ll briefly address some of the more common components. If you want to know more about what each component specifically does, I recommend *Getting started in electronics* [@mimsGettingStartedElectronics1983].
|
||||
## Common components
|
||||
In the next few pages, I’ll briefly address some of the more common components. If you want to know more about what each component specifically does, I recommend *Getting started in electronics* [@mimsGettingStartedElectronics1983].
|
||||
|
||||
Some parts can easily be identified, by recognising. Others can be more difficult. Looking up their datasheet online can provide information about what it is the thing does. A datasheet can be found by looking up a part number[^part-number]
|
||||
Many components, like transistors and chips, have datasheets available online. You can usually find them by entering the part number, often printed directly on the component[^unless], into a search engine. While datasheets can be overwhelming and full of technical jargon, they typically show a pinout, explaining what each leg does, and a description of the component's behavior.
|
||||
|
||||
[^part-number]: Some product manufactures are really protective of their parts, and scratch of the part numbers/
|
||||
<ins>iets toevoegen over wat we met die componenten die gaan doen</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
A lot of parts, like transistors or chips, have their datasheets published online. By looking up the part number in a search engine, they can be found. In these cases, the part number is written on top of the component[^unless]. Datasheets contain a scary amount of information about the part, 99% I do not understand. But they do show which leg is what, and give a bit more insight what kind of part you’re looking at.
|
||||
|
||||
[^unless]: Since the manufacturer didn’t think you ever needed to know which oddly specific chip you’re looking at, and deliberately scratched it off.
|
||||
|
||||
[^interchangeable_part]: <ins> To research [interchangable parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts#Late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries:_dissemination_throughout_manufacturing) n.a.v. deze [post](https://northcoastsynthesis.com/news/preferred-values-for-resistors-and-capacitors/)</ins>
|
||||
[^unless]: Since the manufacturer didn’t think you ever needed to know which oddly specific chip you’re looking at, they sometimes deliberately scratched it off.
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.table-wide}
|
||||
| **Name** | **Category** | **Description** | **Found in** | **Symbol** | **Value** |
|
||||
|------------------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
|
||||
| **555 Timer** | IC | A small chip that generates pulses | Timers, LED dimmers | | |
|
||||
| **Capacitor** | Capacitor | Store a voltage | Everywhere! |  | Farads (F) |
|
||||
| **Coil** | Passive Component | These funky components can create sounds on their own | Transformers, relays, wireless charging |  | |
|
||||
| **Crystal Oscillator** | Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | | Frequency (MHz) |
|
||||
| **Diode** | Diode | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere! |  | |
|
||||
| **Displays** | Display | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | _nvt_ | |
|
||||
| **LED (Light Emitting Diode)** | Diode | Emit a small light | Everywhere! |  | |
|
||||
| **Logic chips** | IC | Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits | | |
|
||||
| **MOSFET** | IC | Not sure yet | Power supplies, motor control | | Threshold voltage (V) |
|
||||
| **Magnet** | Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | _nvt_ | |
|
||||
| **Microcontroller** | IC | Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 | Embedded systems, Arduino, automation |  | |
|
||||
| **Microphone** | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes |  | |
|
||||
| **Motor** | Electromechanical Device | Spins when a power is applied | Printers, blenders, vacuums |  | Voltage (V), Current (A) |
|
||||
| **NPN Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! |  | |
|
||||
| **Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier)** | IC | Amplifying signals | Audio circuits, sensors, control systems |  | |
|
||||
| **PCB** | Misc | Where the circuit is placed on | Everywhere! | | |
|
||||
| **PNP Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! |  | |
|
||||
| **Piezo disc** | Ouput/Input | Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors | | |
|
||||
| **Potentiometer** | Resistor | Limiting voltage trough a knob | Volume knobs, light dimmers |  | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
|
||||
| **Relay** | Electromechanical | Switches power | Household appliances |  | |
|
||||
| **Resistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere! |  | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
|
||||
| **Speaker** | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radio’s |  | Impedance (Ω) |
|
||||
| **Stepper motor** | Electromechanical Device | Device that creates a step based movement | Printers, disk drives, hard drives, 3d printers | | |
|
||||
| **Switches & buttons** | Input | Interact with the device | Light switches, keyboards |  | |
|
||||
| **Thermistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage dependant on temperature | Not sure yet |  | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
|
||||
| **Trimpots** | Resistor | Limit voltage trough a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices |  | Resistance (Ohm, Ω) |
|
||||
| **Voltage regulators** | Passive Component | Not sure yet | Power supplies, embedded systems | | |{#link-sf .btn-read-more}
|
||||
| **Name** | **Category** | **Description** | **Found in** | **Symbol** |
|
||||
|------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| **555 Timer** | Chip | A small chip that generates pulses | Timers, LED dimmers | |
|
||||
| **Capacitor** | Capacitor | Store a voltage | Everywhere! |  |
|
||||
| **Coil** | Passive | These funky components can create sounds on their own | Transformers, relays, wireless charging |  |
|
||||
| **Crystal Oscillator** | Passive | Generates a frequency that is often used as a clock | Devices that have processors | |
|
||||
| **Diode** | Passive | Forces current to flow in one direction | Everywhere! |  |
|
||||
| **Displays** | Output | Display information | Monitors, calculators, embedded systems | |
|
||||
| **LED** | Output | Emit a small light | Everywhere! |  |
|
||||
| **Logic chips** | Chip | Create logic and switches | Computers, microcontrollers, control circuits | |
|
||||
| **MOSFET** | Chip | Not sure yet | Power supplies, motor control | |
|
||||
| **Magnet** | Misc | Electromagnetic applications, motors | Speakers, hard drives | |
|
||||
| **Microcontroller** | Chip | Programmable chip, for example the ATmega328 | Embedded systems, Arduino, automation |  |
|
||||
| **Microphone** | Input | Record sound | Phones, vapes |  |
|
||||
| **Motor** | Output | Spins when a power is applied | Printers, blenders, vacuums |  |
|
||||
| **NPN Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! |  |
|
||||
| **Op-Amp** | Chip | Amplifying signals | Audio circuits, sensors, control systems |  |
|
||||
| **PNP Transistor** | Transistor | Amplification/switching | Everywhere! |  |
|
||||
| **Piezo disc** | Ouput/Input | Records or creates vibrations | Buzzers, sensors | |
|
||||
| **Potentiometer** | Resistor | Limiting voltage through a knob | Volume knobs, light dimmers |  |
|
||||
| **Relay** | Switch | Switches power | Household appliances |  |
|
||||
| **Resistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage | Everywhere! |  |
|
||||
| **Speaker** | Ouput | Outputs sound | Toys, (portable) radios |  |
|
||||
| **Switches & buttons** | Input | Interact with the device | Light switches, keyboards |  |
|
||||
| **Thermistor** | Resistor | Limiting voltage dependent on temperature | Not sure yet |  |
|
||||
| **Trimpots** | Resistor | Limit voltage through a small knob adjustable with a screwdriver | Audio circuits, calibration devices |  |
|
||||
| **Voltage regulators** | Chip | Not sure yet | Power supplies, embedded systems | | | |{#link-sf .btn-read-more}
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>in dit hoofdstuk benoemen dat je extra zooi nodig hebt voor het geval je iet sopblaast</ins>
|
||||
@ -6,26 +6,24 @@ front: true
|
||||
nested: "recipes"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Footnote over triple check valt van het papier
|
||||
|
||||
Hopefully, you’ve salvaged a variety of components by now, and we can start to actually build some sound with them. In this chapter you'll find a bunch of recipes; the starting points for sound devices. These modular recipes can be used standalone or connected together into a bigger system. This modularity makes problem-solving slightly easier[^easier], and you can pick and choose your modules based on your salvaged inventory.
|
||||
|
||||
[^easier]: Still a headache! But now you only have to triple check a handful of components, instead of 120
|
||||
|
||||
Every recipe contains a paper circuit[^paper-circuit-ciat] to print. These circuits are the blueprint of your device, between a schematic and a industrial PCB. The biggest advantage of using paper, apart from being able to solder the connections of your components right on top of the circuit, is that it is paper. You can take notes, draw lines and adjust the schematic as you go. This saves you from either having to use toxic chemcials to etch your own circuit boards, or outsourcing the development.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>why are PCB's bad</ins>
|
||||
Every recipe contains a paper circuit[^paper-circuit-ciat] to print. These circuits are the blueprint of your device, between a schematic and an industrial PCB. The biggest advantage of using paper, apart from being able to solder the connections of your components right on top of the circuit, is that it is flexible. You can take notes, draw lines and adjust the schematic as you go. This saves you from either having to use toxic chemicals to etch your own circuit boards, or outsource the development.<ins>laatste zin ff checken</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
[^paper-circuit-ciat]: A method introduced by synthesizer builder Ciat Lonbarde, who used paper circuits as a way to distribute circuits and ideas for free @blasserStoresMall2015 .
|
||||
|
||||
### Assembling the circuit[^assembly]
|
||||
### Assembling the circuit
|
||||
1. Cut out the circuit and fold it in half, creating a two sided print
|
||||
2. Gather the components listed in the "Bill of Materials" (BOM)
|
||||
3. Populate the first components by pinning the legs trough the paper in their designated areas. Keep an eye on the orientation[^orientation]. Start small (resistors) then move to larger parts.
|
||||
3. Populate the first components by pinning the legs through the paper in their designated areas. Keep an eye on the orientation[^orientation]. Start small (resistors) then move to larger parts.
|
||||
4. Create the connections according to the circuit by soldering the legs together. I've found bare copper wire is the quickest.
|
||||
5. Repeat until all components are in place!
|
||||
6. Test & triple-check all connections [^triple-check].
|
||||
|
||||
[^assembly]: <ins>something about tools</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
[^orientation]: Some capacitors, LED's and other components all have a specific polarity/orientation.
|
||||
|
||||
[^triple-check]: With salvaged components you'll have a limited supply. Test to prevent component loss.
|
||||
@ -34,22 +32,23 @@ There is no need to understand every single component on each recipe [^no-need],
|
||||
|
||||
[^no-need]:Rule #17 from Handmade Electronic Music states "If it sounds good and doesn’t smoke, don’t worry if you don’t understand it." @collinsHandmadeElectronicMusic2009.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to build a modular, my advice is not to do it if you want to have any friends, it takes too much time. > [source](https://web.archive.org/web/20151011091344/http://www.irfp.net/Projects/machines/Modular.html)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### !Safety notes!
|
||||
|
||||
- **Audio can be surprisingly loud**. Use small speakers (never headphones![^headphones]) you wouldn’t miss if they break, and keep your hand on the volume dial when plugging in your sound device for the first time
|
||||
- **Use batteries** plugging into a wall (120V) can be incredibly dangerous. Always unplug the power from the circuit when making changes, to prevent shorts
|
||||
- **watch that smell** “magic smoke” has a certain smell. Unplug immediately when something smells/smokes!
|
||||
- **two know more then one** If you're not sure, invite a friend and I'm sure you'll figure it out together
|
||||
- **Use batteries**. Plugging into a wall (120V) can be incredibly dangerous. Always unplug the power from the circuit when making changes, to prevent shorts
|
||||
- **Watch that smell**. “Magic smoke” has a certain smell. Unplug immediately when something smells/smokes!
|
||||
- **Two know more than one**. If you're not sure, invite a friend and I'm sure you'll figure it out together
|
||||
|
||||
[^headphones]: Your hearing is precious, and accidently blasting an overpowered sine-wave trough your ears can cause permantetn damage.
|
||||
[^headphones]: Your hearing is precious, and accidently blasting an overpowered sine-wave Through your ears can cause permanent damage.
|
||||
|
||||
### Finding & scaling recipes
|
||||
The DIY synth community is not shy in sharing their schematics. There are fantastic resources online, such as the [Experimentalists Anonymous DIY Archives](https://experimentalistsanonymous.com/diy/index.php) the [wiki](https://sdiy.info/wiki/Synth_DIY_Wiki), [Music from Outer Space](https://musicfromouterspace.com/) and *Handmade Electronic Music* [@collinsHandmadeElectronicMusic2009]. However, finding resources using salvaged components has been tricky, as our requirements are a bit different then the average github browser. Most schematics either contain 20+ components or require (specific) chips. For making personal synthesizers, this limitation has been interesting, as it forces me to turn the VCO recipe into a self-modulating instrument, actually helping me to learn more about electornics & elecontric sound then any pre-made kit could ever do, but there is definetly a scsaling issue. Initially I had set out to use this research as a way to develop a workshop format about making synthesizeres with e-waste, and in that way "fixing" my issues with the wastefullness of the workshop.
|
||||
The DIY synth community is not shy in sharing their schematics. There are fantastic resources online, such as the [Experimentalists Anonymous DIY Archives](https://experimentalistsanonymous.com/diy/index.php) the [wiki](https://sdiy.info/wiki/Synth_DIY_Wiki), [Music from Outer Space](https://musicfromouterspace.com/) and *Handmade Electronic Music* [@collinsHandmadeElectronicMusic2009]. However, finding resources using salvaged components can be tricky, as our requirements are a bit different then the average github browser. Most schematics either contain 20+ components or require (specific) chips. For making personal synthesizers, this limitation has been interesting, as it forces me to turn the VCO recipe into a self-modulating instrument, actually helping me to learn more about elecontrics & elecontric sound then any pre-made kit could ever do, but there is definetly a scsaling issue. Initially I had set out to use this research as a way to develop a workshop format about making synthesizeres with e-waste, and in that way "fixing" my issues with the wastefullness of the workshop.
|
||||
But, maybe this is not possible, and maybe that is okay.
|
||||
<ins> unpack on this en dan doorpakken in de conclusie</ins>
|
||||
<ins>ff kijken hoe je deze links kunt reference</ins>
|
||||
<ins>wat is vco</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>bij de BOM de links naar components er uit halen</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -5,6 +5,54 @@ slug: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
<span template-type="chapter"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
|
||||
🔧 15 Best Bits for Your Conclusion
|
||||
“Can we shift the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the waste streams they are part of?”
|
||||
(p. 2 – sets up your thesis’s central question)
|
||||
|
||||
“Limiting ourselves to only use salvaged components and discovering; is it possible to live off (create with) electronic components salvaged in the wild?”
|
||||
(p. 2 – hits your core exploration of constraint and possibility)
|
||||
|
||||
“Because salvage is not just about reusing materials; but about confronting the systems that created the waste in the first place.”
|
||||
(p. 2 – this line slaps and goes deep into critique)
|
||||
|
||||
“Instead, a whole new market is created consisting of Lego-like kits. These kits gloss over the actual challenges and difficulties of creating sound devices.”
|
||||
(p. 3 – critical insight into consumer-friendly DIY)
|
||||
|
||||
“This guide represents my personal understanding of electronics, which, in no doubt, contains incorrect assumptions or oversimplifications.”
|
||||
(p. 3 – humble, open, and very human)
|
||||
|
||||
“By being part of workshops and gatherings around DIY sound and repair I’ve noticed how empowering these exchanges can be.”
|
||||
(p. 4 – community as empowerment)
|
||||
|
||||
“Good waste ‘comes to you’.”
|
||||
(p. 9 – beautifully phrased philosophy of scavenging)
|
||||
|
||||
“Solo salvaging is not invited in this transaction.”
|
||||
(p. 10 – sharp critique of circular economy theatre)
|
||||
|
||||
“The manufacturer really does not want you in there.”
|
||||
(p. 15 – accessible and damning)
|
||||
|
||||
“It is only when something breaks, that their materiality becomes a reality again.”
|
||||
(p. 15 – poetic and grounded)
|
||||
|
||||
“Shredding a phone doesn’t just lose raw material; it erases the labor, energy, and environmental costs embedded in its original creation.”
|
||||
(p. 32 – devastatingly clear)
|
||||
|
||||
“Our practice—building instruments, experimenting with electronics—sits outside this loop. It’s not just post-consumption; it’s pre-production.”
|
||||
(p. 33 – great positioning of your practice)
|
||||
|
||||
“Making personal synthesizers … actually helped me to learn more about electronics & electronic sound than any pre-made kit could ever do.”
|
||||
(p. 41 – a big endorsement of the messy route)
|
||||
|
||||
“If it sounds good and doesn’t smoke, don’t worry if you don’t understand it.”
|
||||
(p. 41 – timeless rule, via Handmade Electronic Music)
|
||||
|
||||
“Getting a single sound out of anything is such a eureka moment.”
|
||||
(p. 47 – joyful and relatable)
|
||||
|
||||
Deze vraag moet je beantwoorden: This is where the field guide comes into play: Can we shi<68>t
|
||||
the practice of playful tinkering to acknowledge, rather
|
||||
than ignore, the waste streams they are part of? Limiting
|
||||
@ -18,34 +66,37 @@ never have to repair”↩
|
||||
2017)↩
|
||||
would such a practice entai
|
||||
|
||||
het feit dat waste steeds meer verwijderd wordt van straat zegt ook iets over de materialituy van waste. we willen er liever niets mee te maken hebben.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>I would like to include more about the Right to Repair, and how the manual could be part of the object itself (page 14 of [@matternStepStepThinking2024] en pagina 2 van [@parksCrackingOpenSet2000])</ins> -->
|
||||
|
||||
>> While there are many attempts to overcome obsolescence, such as the modular laptop Framework<ins>link</ins>, and <ins>another example</ins>, none have quite stuck. Remy & Huang say that, since abscolescence is the outcome of ICT’s main goals; research in new technologies and selling more products [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015], most of the proposed soliutions work against one of the two.
|
||||
het feit dat waste steeds meer verwijderd wordt van straat zegt ook iets over de materialituy van waste. we willen er liever niets mee te maken hebben. -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Verder is het dus zo dat je eigenlijk hier een beetje moet herhalen de pareltjes van de tekst. Dus meer herhalen van dingen en minder hier pas conclusies trekken.
|
||||
<!-- Artist & reverse engineer Maurits Fennis calls for a change of question where, instead of inventing more products to “solve” the e-waste crisis, we rethink what e-waste is in the first place? [@fennisOntologyElectronicWaste2022] -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- <ins>I would like to include more about the Right to Repair, and how the manual could be part of the object itself (page 14 of [@matternStepStepThinking2024] en pagina 2 van [@parksCrackingOpenSet2000])</ins> --> -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- While there are many attempts to overcome obsolescence, such as the modular laptop Frameworkand another example, none have quite stuck. Remy & Huang say that, since abscolescence is the outcome of ICT’s main goals; research in new technologies and selling more products [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015], most of the proposed soliutions work against one of the two.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Verder is het dus zo dat je eigenlijk hier een beetje moet herhalen de pareltjes van de tekst. Dus meer herhalen van dingen en minder hier pas conclusies trekken. -->
|
||||
|
||||
Hopefully by now you’ve managed to build and explore some raging sound devices! For me, this is the moment to sit in the middle of a workshop surrounded by carcesses of printers, cassette recorders and radio’s, and deal with the remainders. It becomes clear how the actions are a small intervention in the bigger lifecycle of waste. We extended the life of the hardware for a bit and created the moment of celebration [@lulinvegaPermacomputing], and now the majority [^majority]of the hardware will continue on their cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
Hopefully by now you’ve managed to build and explore some raging sound devices! For me, this is the moment to sit in the middle of a workshop surrounded by caresses of printers, cassette recorders and radio’s, and deal with the remainders. It becomes clear how the actions are a small intervention in the bigger lifecycle of waste. We extended the life of the hardware for a bit and created the moment of celebration, [@lulinvegaPermacomputing] and now the majority [^majority]of the hardware will continue on their cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
[^majority]: Majority in terms of size. I’m strategically keeping all components, but keeping the plastic carcas of an CD Player/Radio just does not make sense.
|
||||
|
||||
### Difficulties in salvaging
|
||||
During the dismantling of the devices in chapter 1, we discovered, trough threatening stickers, obscure bits and strong glue that many of the devices did not want to be opened. Their plastic containers are very “final” forms, every attempt to drill or cut results in rough scars rather than a transformation of form.
|
||||
During the dismantling of the devices in chapter 1, we discovered, through threatening stickers, obscure bits and strong glue that many of the devices did not want to be opened. Their plastic containers are very “final” forms, every attempt to drill or cut results in rough scars rather than a transformation of form.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of modifying the salvaged device after it’s consumed, the possibility for appropriation should actually already be in the blueprint during the design process, before it’s even built [@gabrysSalvage2012]. Manufactures, both of end products and materials, should carry a responsibility for their objects, not only during the manufacturing but extended to the entire lifecycle.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, as Remy and Huang discuss, *unintentional absolescence*, is built into the system. The two main goals of the IT industry, researching new technologies and sell more products, actively work against many attempts of improving repair and reuse [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015] [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015][^against]. Some major product companies, such as Coolblue, Apple and Samsung, have started recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
|
||||
|
||||
[^against]: For instance 3D printing company Bambu Lab recently released reusable PCB’s, to make toys out of 3d prints. The only reusable thing about it, is that you could reuse it within their product line. More reusable would be if they used an Arduino instead. It’s always “Buy our new product that you could reuse for something else” and never “reuse something else and don’t buy our new product”.
|
||||
Unfortunately, as Remy and Huang discuss, *unintentional absolescence*, is built into the system. The two main goals of the IT industry, research new technologies and sell more products, actively work against many attempts of improving repair and reuse [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015][^against]. Some major product companies, such as Coolblue, Apple and Samsung, have started recycling programs. However, it’s unclear what exactly happens with the recycled material, and is always part of a buying process [^samsung]. This relieves the consumer of the responsibility of disposing their product, but keeps the cycle of buying new intact.
|
||||
|
||||
[^against]: For instance 3D printing company Bambu Lab recently released reusable PCB’s, to make toys out of 3d prints. The only reusable thing about it, is that you could reuse it within their product line. More reusable would be if they used an Arduino instead. It’s always “Buy our new product that you could reuse for something else” and never “reuse something else and don’t buy our new product”. <ins>niet duidelijk reuse something else regardless</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
[^samsung]: For instance, [Samsungs recycle program](https://www.samsung.com/nl/inruil/) starts with *“Stap 1. Koop je nieuwe toestel met inruilvoordeel op samsung.com”*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Regulations
|
||||
But hopefully salvaging will become somewhat easier in the upcoming years, due to regulation pushed by the Right to Repair movement in the EU. A new *Battery Regulation* requires batteries to be removable without specialised tools in 2027. Spare parts should be available longer (depending on the type of device), and the *Ecodesign regulations* dictate which parts should be replaceable, the level of expertise needed for the replacement and if specialty tools are required.
|
||||
But hopefully salvaging will become somewhat easier in the upcoming years, due to regulation pushed by the Right to Repair movement in the EU. A new *Battery Regulation* requires batteries to be removable without specialised tools in 2027. Spare parts should be available longer (depending on the type of device), and the *Ecodesign regulations* dictate which parts should be replaceable, the level of expertise needed for the replacement and if specialty tools are required. <ins>lange zin</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
The regulations are limited to specific product groups, and mostly focussed towards consumer products such as phones, televisions and fridges.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -55,8 +106,8 @@ With all of these repairable products, we’d still need the skills and the serv
|
||||
With more repairable products, we’d still need the skills and services to fix them. Martine Postma, founder of the first Repair Café, advocates for teaching repair skills in schools and creating more training programs for repair professionals, as the number of skilled repairers is rapidly declining. She also argues that the tax system unfairly favors buying new products over repairing old ones, discouraging repair. [@postmaWeggooienMooiNiet2015]
|
||||
|
||||
## Room to salvage
|
||||
When we desoldered all of the capacitors, resistors, chips and whatnot in chapter 3, I was happily surprised with how many of them still worked. Actually, most of the broken devices only had one or two faults in them, yet were thrown out in their entirety. This makes them a great resource for salvaging.
|
||||
When we desoldered all of the capacitors, resistors, chips and whatnot in chapter 3, I was happily surprised with how many of them still worked. most of the broken devices only had one or two faults in them, yet were thrown out in their entirety. This makes them a great resource for salvaging.
|
||||
|
||||
Using salvaged components to create sound devices has been and still is, a research with ups and downs, and —I’m really curious how it went for you! Having limited resources does not always help with the learning process. Blowing up the last op-amp (again) can be seriously discouraging. But at the same time, salvaged components can spark creativity, as they include the history of the device that is was part of before [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. A switchboard salvaged from a casette recorder from the 80's ignite does more then store-bought one.
|
||||
Using salvaged components to create sound devices has been and still is a research with ups and downs, and —I’m really curious how it went for you! Having limited resources does not always help with the learning process. Blowing up the last op-amp (again) can be seriously discouraging. But at the same time, salvaged components can spark creativity, as they include the history of the device that is was part of before [@hertzZombieMediaCircuit2012]. A switchboard salvaged from a casette recorder from the 80's ignite does more than store-bought one.
|
||||
|
||||
pagina 13 [@luUnmakingElectronicWaste2024]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "References (generated)"
|
||||
title: "References"
|
||||
type: Chapter
|
||||
slug: true
|
||||
front: false
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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|
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@ -5,28 +5,31 @@ type: Resistor
|
||||
images:
|
||||
- src: ./components/Resistors.webp
|
||||
alt: 'These resistors were salvaged from a Reel to Reel recorder'
|
||||
usage: "A resistor limits the current going trough. This amount of *resistance* is expressed in Ohm (Ω)"
|
||||
usage: "A resistor limits the current going through. This amount of *resistance* is expressed in Ohm (Ω)"
|
||||
whereToFind: Everywhere!
|
||||
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg.png
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor"
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor, dial"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
You’ll find many resistors in almost any electronic product and schematic. It’s good to have a bunch of resistors in various values at hand. Their values can range from 1 ohm to 10.000.000 ohms. The colored bands on a resister can tell you their value In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.
|
||||
You’ll find resistors in nearly every electronic device and schematic. It’s useful to keep a wide range of values around, from 1Ω up to 10 million Ω. Their colored bands indicate their value<ins>waar kun je dat vinden</ins>. In my experience, their values on schematics are usually an indicator, and you can divert slightly without too much impact on your project.
|
||||
|
||||
Variable resistors such as *photo resistors* and *potentiometers* are fantastic. Always salvage them, and their knobs.[^knobs] They allow for interaction with your circuit.
|
||||
Variable resistors—like photoresistors and potentiometers—are especially worth salvaging, along with their knobs[^knobs]. They make your circuit interactive with your circuit.<ins>yes, niets meer aan doen</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
[^knobs]: In Rotterdam you’ll find an surprising amount of gas stoves on the streets, ready to be picked up by a garbage truck. I always grab their knobs just by pulling them off.
|
||||
[^knobs]: I've found a lot of old gas stoves left out for trash collection. They often have nice knobs, that can be pulled off without need for tools.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other types of resistors
|
||||
- Photo resistor\
|
||||
*Their resistance is based on the amount of light detected*
|
||||
- Potentiometer\
|
||||
*Their resistance can be controlled by a knob*
|
||||
- Stereo potentiometers
|
||||
*This potentiometer can control two circuits at once, usually used for stereo audio*
|
||||
- Slide Potentiometer
|
||||
*Their resistance can be controlled by a slider*
|
||||
- Trimpots
|
||||
*These precision variable resistors with a screwdriver. Usually seen in circuits where you might want to tune some things*
|
||||
### Types of resistors
|
||||
- Carbon or metal film resistor
|
||||
*Comes in different values, marked with color bands*
|
||||
- Photoresistor
|
||||
*Changes resistance based on amient light levels.*
|
||||
- Potentiometer
|
||||
*A knob-controlled resistor.*
|
||||
- Stereo potentiometer
|
||||
*Controls two channels at once, often used for stereo audio.*
|
||||
- Slide potentiometer
|
||||
*A slider-controlled resistor.*
|
||||
- Trimpot
|
||||
*A small, precise variable resistor you adjust with a screwdriver, used for circuit calibration.*
|
||||
- Thermistor
|
||||
*Their resistance is based on the temprature they detect*
|
||||
*Changes resistance based on temperature.*
|
||||
<ins>ff alle lijsten checken met wanneer ze wel niet met een punt moeten eindigen - ook footnotes</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -8,16 +8,25 @@ images:
|
||||
- src: ./components/Capacitors.webp
|
||||
alt: 'The various sizes of Capacitors'
|
||||
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Types_of_capacitor.svg/460px-Types_of_capacitor.svg.png
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "Caps, condenser"
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "cap, condenser"
|
||||
---
|
||||
Capacitors come in all sizes. I’ve seen capacitors as big as a coffee cup, and the SMD ones are so small they are barely visible. They are passive components that can be found in most electronic circuits. There is a wide variety of types available, like ceramic capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, etc, each having their own properties.
|
||||
|
||||
Electrolytic capacitors specifically, do not age well. Fully unused they have lifespan of 2 to 3 years [@jangUnplannedObsolescenceHardware2017]. The capacitors can start to leak, spreading a yellow guey material over the PCB, that can be cleaned up.
|
||||
Capacitors come in all sizes. I’ve seen ones as big as a coffee cup, and SMD types so small they’re barely visible. Like resistors, these passive components appear in nearly all circuits and store small amounts of electricity. This is measured in farads (F).
|
||||
|
||||
### Salvaging Capacitors safely
|
||||
Capacitors store electricity, even after being disconnected from power. Accidentally touching the legs of a charged capacitor can give you a shock. Larger capacitors, such as the ones found in camera flashes or television sets, can store a dangerous amount of electricity. Make sure to always discharge the capacitors before storing them away.
|
||||
:::{.table-inline}
|
||||
| Capacitor Type | Typical Value Range | Polarised |
|
||||
|-----------------------|-------------------------|-------|
|
||||
| Ceramic | 1 pF – 100 nF | No |
|
||||
| Electrolytic (Aluminum)| 0.1 µF – 10,000 µF | Yes |
|
||||
| Film | 1 nF – 10 µF | No |
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
This process releases the electronic charge from the capacitor. I do this by connecting the two legs of a capacitor together using a screwdriver. This can cause a small spark, as you’ve just created a short circuit. As long as you stay away from the big capacitors in TV’s and camera flashes, this method is fine.
|
||||
### Salvaging capacitors safely
|
||||
Capacitors store electricity even after power is cut. Touching a charged one can shock you. Larger types, like those in camera flashes or TVs, can store a dangerous amount. Always discharge big capacitors before storing. I do this by shorting the legs with a screwdriver. This may cause a small spark, as you’ve just created a short circuit.
|
||||
|
||||
### Testing capacitors
|
||||
You can verify the capacitors capacitance with a multimeter. My multimeter doesn't have a capacitance setting, but this is not a necessity. Set the multimeter continuity mode, where it'll give a beep if there is continuity. Test a discharged capacitor by touching the legs of the capacitor with the probes of the multimeter. If there is no sound, or a continuous volume/pitch, the capacitor is dead. Otherwise, it's fine. Surprisingly, so far, *most* of the capacitors that I’ve tested (that didn’t visually leak ) passed the test, and were still usable.
|
||||
Electrolytic capacitors don’t age well. Left unused, they have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years [@jangUnplannedObsolescenceHardware2017]. After that, they can leak, spreading a yellow gooey material over the PCB, causing other connections to malfunction [^malfunction].
|
||||
|
||||
[^malfunction]: Surprisingly, most of the capacitors that I’ve tested (that didn’t visually leak) passed the test and were still usable, even the electrolytic ones.
|
||||
|
||||
You can verify the capacitor's capacitance with a multimeter. In continuity mode, which beeps if there’s a connection, touch both legs of the discharged capacitor with the probes. You hear no sound, or a continuous volume/pitch: the capacitor is dead. Otherwise, it’s fine.<ins>hele lange zin</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
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@ -7,13 +7,26 @@ images:
|
||||
alt: 'A chip sooooo small the picture has to be blurry'
|
||||
usage: Being a black boxed monolith
|
||||
whereToFind: Everywhere!
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "chip, IC, Intergrated Circuit"
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "IC, Intergrated Circuit"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Typically, when checking out a PCB, I will immediately check all IC, or "Intergrated Circuits", by putting the part number in an online search engine. There are a few I'm always looking for as they are commonly used in the building of simple synthesizers, and these are **Op-Amps** and **CMOS logic chips**. Additionally, you could be lucky and discover a microcontroller, allowing you to flash your own program. To my surprise I found a microcontroller in a LED lamp, but I haven't managed to figure it out yet.
|
||||
Chips, or integrated circuits, are tiny black boxes packed with microscopic components. You’ll find them on nearly every modern circuit board. Some handle small, specific tasks, like controlling LEDs, while others run full operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
## The difficulty of prototyping with IC's
|
||||
Not only are loads of schematics published online based around (oddly specific) IC's, they tend to break very fast. I cannot count the number of time the number of times I've accidently put a chip in upside down, causing the + and - to be flipped, and burning out the chip within seconds. In a world of plenty you'd just replace the chip with a new one, but in the reality of working with salvaged hardware, this is not that easy.
|
||||
Don't let the size fool you! The creation of a chip, from toxic chemicals to the black container, involves around 300 steps, during which 99% of material byproduct is discarded, creating hazardous waste sites [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011]. So, if there is one part worth salvaging, it’s this one.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Discuss materiality of chips, remainders of IC development</ins>
|
||||
<ins>History of IC's in Digital Rubbish</ins>
|
||||
Unfortunately, as modular as they might seem, reusing chips is not plug 'n play. While some are common and well-documented, most are obscured and specific. For instance, reusing the network chip found in a USB phone can lead to a rabbit hole of reverse engineering. And then you find another phone that has a slightly different chip, and the process starts all over again.
|
||||
|
||||
### Common chips to look out for[^expectations]
|
||||
- 555 Timer
|
||||
*This chip can generate audible pulses. This can be used as a sound source on its own, or to trigger other circuits, or control motors.*
|
||||
- Op-Amps (e.g., TL072, TL074, LM358)
|
||||
*Op-amps are used to amplify signals, and therefore used in loads of sound-related applications*
|
||||
- CD40106
|
||||
*A Schmitt trigger inverter can generate audible frequencies that can be tuned. They are often the core of oscillator schematics.*
|
||||
- CD4017
|
||||
*A Decade counter is often used for linear step sequencers.*
|
||||
- microcontrollers
|
||||
*If you’re lucky, you can reflash the microcontroller and write your own program.*
|
||||
|
||||
[^expectations]: In the last 6 months of searching, I’ve found only a couple of op-amps, one trigger inverter (that I blew by using it upside-down), and no 555 timers...
|
||||
<ins>using it is gekke</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ images:
|
||||
alt: 'This would be a great alt text'
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In many ways the holy grail of component salvaging! They are very practical to stack up on, as you can never have enough audio jacks, knobs, buttons, power connectors, etc.
|
||||
Inputs and outputs are often the most visible parts of an electronic device—and among the most accessible to salvage. It is with these components that salvaging often begins (and ends), because they are the parts that are most often visible on the outside, and thus carry the cultural context of the device. But this visibility is a double-edged sword: it risks turning salvaging and recycling into solely aesthetic choices, causing the possibility of *greenwashing* your practice.<ins>explain greenwashing</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Might be interesting - how at the slooplab kids saw network cables for the first time. There is nothing as era-defining as technology. You can guess the movie year mostly on the phones the characters are using.</ins>
|
||||
Recycling facilities, manufactures and product design universtiries often tend to focus on *recycling*, when talking about reducing e-waste. But among the levels of circularity _reduce, reuse, repair, recycle, refuse_, recycling is the least effective. More than half of material is lost when going through the recycling process, and often includes the shipping of the waste to countires where labour is cheap and less environmental laws causing a toxic process for the workeres and the environemnt[@ifixitRecyclingDestruction] [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [@rouraCircularDigitalDevices2021]. For exmaple, shredding a phone doesn’t just lose raw material; it erases the labor, energy, and environmental costs embedded in its original creation. And then—often—a new phone replaces it. <ins>spellcheck</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
Our practice—building instruments, experimenting with electronics—sits outside this loop. It’s not just post-consumption; it’s _pre-production_. We're back at the beginning, making something new from what already exists. That’s why how we present our instruments matters. Not as market-ready eco-products with cheerful music, but as a refusal to pretend reuse is clean or easy. Recycling is the last resort. Making is the first.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>ifixit uitleggen?</ins>
|
||||
<ins>ifixit landingspagina heeft geen date</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
Richards argues that *Object Hood* is the central theme of DIY/repurposing. Through hacking and bending you can amplify certain propoperties of the object. [@richardsDIYMakerCommunities2017]. Through the use of piezo discs, where you can amplify the material, or utalising the electromagnetic field, found in dc motors.<ins>beetje random hier</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
title: Outputs
|
||||
type: Outputs
|
||||
description: This is the description
|
||||
images:
|
||||
- src: ./components/Resistors.JPG
|
||||
alt: 'This would be a great alt text'
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Generally, I've identified "Speakers" and "Displays" in this area. It would be great if salvaging displays was worth it, reverse engineering this is horrible.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Handmade electronics - turning speakers into microphones?</ins>
|
||||
@ -17,14 +17,16 @@ whereToFind: Everywhere!
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "Protoboard, breadboard, circuit"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Printed Circuit Boards, or PCB's, are the plates on which the circuit is placed. Although technically a PCB is not needed, as you could create all connections with just wire, they can be found everywhere. The first PCB's were added to consumer products in the 1950's. Their handdrawn traces are recognisable by their curvynes, and the PCB's are either single layer(one side) or double layer (front & back). Contemporary PCB's are digitally designed and usually multi-layer, allowing for a small footprint, but making it very difficult to repair.
|
||||
Printed Circuit Boards, or PCBs, are the panels on which the electronic circuit is placed. Older boards often reveal hand-drawn traces, which are much more fluid in design. With computerized PCB design, those lines straightened out. Most PCBs are made from FR4 (glass fiber and epoxy)[^fiberglass].
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Book recommendation by Joak https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27176861M/The_looting_machine</ins>
|
||||
<ins>About the issues with PCB manufacturing and recycling it's minerals</ins>
|
||||
<ins>Material of the PCB</ins>
|
||||
[^fiberglass]: Fiberglass is very strong, but can be sawn through. When sawing, make sure you wear the right protection, microfibers can end up anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>annotated PCB’s</ins>
|
||||
The copper tracks on a PCB are usually covered with a green protective layer, known as solder mask. Sand this off to expose the copper underneath, ready to solder onto again.
|
||||
|
||||
Most boards are labeled. They can include a date, information about connections, component numbering[^component-numbering], and sometimes even their their values [^monotron].
|
||||
|
||||
## The blob
|
||||
Have you spotted “The Blob” yet? This is every circuit benders worst nightmare. The blob is meant to protect certain bare parts of a PCB, but is also known as a type of reverse engineering protection.
|
||||
Not all PCBs follow the industrial template. Artists and other tinkerers have come up with alternatives: the paper circuits of Ciat-Lonbarde, or Dirty Electronics’ boards made from wood and nails. These kinds of formats offer a more punk-diy way of publishing projects, where the format is not set in stone. Paper can be cut, nails can be moved, inviting a maker to explore the circuit more than just soldering a pre-compiled kit.[@blasserStoresMall2015][@richardsDIYElectronicMusic2013] For our circuits, these approaches are ideal—still flexible, still open to change.
|
||||
|
||||
[^component-numbering]: The schematic contains references to the component number, helping with debugging.
|
||||
|
||||
[^monotron]: Some devices take this idea further. The Korg Monotron includes extra patch points directly on the board for DIY mods and expansions.
|
||||
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 727 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 141 KiB |
@ -5,23 +5,16 @@ description: This is the description
|
||||
images:
|
||||
- src: ./components/TransistorsED.webp
|
||||
alt: ‘note to self, not sure all of these are transistors’
|
||||
usage: "A transistor is a switch that is controlled trough voltage"
|
||||
usage: "A transistor is a switch that is controlled through voltage"
|
||||
whereToFind: Everywhere!
|
||||
schematicSymbol: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_2.1.1.a.svg.png
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "Knob, pot, potentiometer, variable resistor"
|
||||
alsoKnownAs: "switch, BJT "
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The transistor is a switch that can be operated by applying a small voltage to one of the legs, causing another leg to "open" or "close". Which leg does what depends on the type of transistor, which can be found in the datasheet. Transistors can be influenced by ambient temperature[^touch], and therefore are usually placed in pairs to cancel each other out. Next to switching, transistors can also be used to amplify signals.
|
||||
A transistor is a tiny switch that controls a large current with a smaller one. Depending on its type, applying a small voltage to one leg causes another to “open” or “close.” This way, transistors can amplify signals or switch things on and off. You’ll find them near power supplies, audio paths, and logic circuits. They are sometimes glued to a heatsink to shed excess heat. They’re sensitive to ambient temperature, which makes them interactive in sound devices [^bend-transistor].
|
||||
|
||||
Transistors come in many shapes and sizes. Some are meant to dissipate heat, and are connected to a heatsink, they are ususally near a power source.
|
||||
[^bend-transistor]: In sound circuits, touching a transistor heats it up, which can alter the sound.
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>Remy & Huang stipt Moore's law en Jevons paradox aan als voorbeelden waarom het een enorme uitdaging is om obscolescence tegen te gaan (Remy & Huang, 2015). **Moore's Law** is de voorspelling dat het aantal transistors in een IC elk jaar verdubbeld. Dit insinueert en speelt in op het idee dat je elke twee jaar je IC's moet upgraden, omdat je anders achterloopt, en creeert de illusie dat innovatie en ontwikkeling oneindig is. (“Moore’s Law,” wikipedia 2025) **Jevons paradox** is het effect dat opspeelt wanneer door technologische ontwikkeling een resource efficienter wordt (minder gebruikt) de vraag juist vergroot. Denkende aan de computer die eerst een kamer vulde, en nu zijn er datacenters van honderden vierkante kilometers.</ins>
|
||||
The transistor is often seen as an accelleration point in computing history. It replaced big and expensive vacuum tubes, paving the way for portable radios, cheap toys, and eventually the silicon chip. Theories like Moore's law[^moore] creates an expectation of constant upgrading, where your computer will be obsolete in two years time, and the illusion of infinite growth.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>EN ook moores law hier:
|
||||
Structured obsolescence is an economic strategy whereby a consumer technology is manufactured with the assumption that it has a limited life span and will need replacement with a newer and upgraded model within a given number of years. This logic benefits manufacturers and attempts to build a company’s financial future based on consumer band loyalty. The concept of structured obsolescence is hardwired into consumer technologies ranging from the refrigerator to the radio, from the computer to the car, and has been operational in the consumer products industry since the late nineteenth century. One of its effects has been to generate an excess of functional machines that are never exploited to their full potential. They are only partially used and then discarded when a new version, model, or upgrade becomes available on the market. Contemporary junkyards, thrift shops, and garages have become shrines to structured obsolescence. In these secondhand commerce zones lies an unwieldy accumulation of machines with low use-value precisely because they have already been used.6 uit [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]
|
||||
</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
[^touch]: When circuit bending, transistors are great to touch, as the heat of your finger could alter the sound.
|
||||
<ins>About Moore's law and transistors - and what kind of an expectation that creats</ins>
|
||||
<ins>Also ; transistors and synthesizers are a good combo</ins>
|
||||
This miniturization of components did not result in a more efficicient use of technology. On the contrary, Jevons’ Paradox shows that increased efficiency in the production process would lead to even more resource consumption. [@remyLimitsSustainableInteraction2015] [@gabrysDigitalRubbishNatural2011] [@parksFallingApartElectronics2007]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ image: "./assets/devices/casette_recorder.jpeg"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The cassette recorder has been donated, after Joak had to repair it one to many times. They modded the recorder to their own liking by adjusting the audio jacks.
|
||||
<ins>Who is Joak</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
At the moment, I've only started to dismantle small parts. The device contained several removable PCB's, as if they were memory cards.
|
||||
|
||||
I'm keen to get my hands on the tape heads and any audio related circuitry.
|
||||
@ -15,14 +15,11 @@ pcb: "./recipes/PCB-keyboard/sketch.png"
|
||||
|
||||
This recipe uses the SingleTransistorOsc created in a previous recipe. The keyboard will replace the resistor of the SingleTransistorOsc that is in charge of the pitch. That pitch resistor will now be on the keyboard.
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="./recipes/PCB-keyboard/keyboard.png" height="150px" />
|
||||
<img src="./recipes/PCB-keyboard/keyboard.webp" height="150px" />
|
||||
|
||||
From a PCB that you have salvaged, remove _all_ of the components and, with a piece of sandpaper, scratch off the green mask of the PCB, making the coper visible. This causes the traces on the PCB to become conductive. [^sidenote].
|
||||
From a PCB that you have salvaged, remove _all_ of the components and, with a piece of sandpaper, scratch off the green mask of the PCB, making the copper visible. This causes the traces on the PCB to become conductive.
|
||||
Find or make a bunch of tracks or traces that are not connected to each other (using the multimeter). These will act as your wires! To one trace, solder the audio in from the SingleTransistorOsc. Find a trace nearby, close enough that if you can touch the two traces with your thumb, and solder a resistor on that trace. The other end of the resistor should go back to your SingleTransistorOsc.
|
||||
|
||||
[^sidenote]: <ins>This recipe is very much a WIP. The samples and images will be replaced with more clear examples</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
Find or make a bunch of tracks, or traces, that are not connected to each other (using the multimeter). These will act as your wires! To one trace, solder the audio in from the SingleTransistorOsc. Find a trace nearby, close enough that if you can touch the two traces with your thumb, and solder a resistor on that trace. The other end of the resistor should go back to your SingleTransistorOsc.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, when you touch both traces with your finger, a bridge is created, closing the circuit, and causing the audio signal to go trough your resistor back into the original circuit. If you do this multiple times with various resistor values, you've create a playable keyboard!
|
||||
Now, when you touch both traces with your finger, a bridge is created, closing the circuit, and causing the audio signal to go through your resistor back into the original circuit. If you do this multiple times with various resistor values, you've create a playable keyboard!
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>illustartie vervangen met een getekende kicad ding</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Connections:
|
||||
pcb: "./recipes/SingleTransistorOsc/PaperCircuit.svg"
|
||||
sample: "./recipes/SingleTransistorOsc/sample_Cropped.mp3"
|
||||
buildNotes:
|
||||
- "use alligator clips to connect your 18V and GND to your power supply"
|
||||
- “Use alligator clips to connect your 18V and GND to your power supply"
|
||||
- "Cut the middle leg of the transistor for this to work"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
@ -44,15 +44,17 @@ This *super simple oscillator circuit*[^easy] makes use of something called a "r
|
||||
[^easy]: I am very fed up with the amount of times someone has said something would be easy. It is not.
|
||||
|
||||
[^reddit]: This is why Reddit has advised against building this oscillator. But this is the only sound generating schematic that has worked so far and doesn't use chips.
|
||||
<ins>reddit link</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
<ins>reddit er evt. uithalen</ins>
|
||||
|
||||
### Powering
|
||||
Select the amount of voltage you need based on the transistor[^datasheet] you have. Mine needed 18V, so using alligator clips, I've connected our previously built power supply.
|
||||
|
||||
[^datasheet]: Find a datasheet online to discover your transistors' voltage limits before plugging in the circuit <ins>should I talk about datasheets more?</ins>
|
||||
[^datasheet]: Find a datasheet online to discover your transistors' voltage limits before plugging in the circuit
|
||||
|
||||
### Testing & Troubleshooting
|
||||
After double-checking all your connections, hook the audio out to an amplified speaker (like a small JBL). No sound? Here are things to try:
|
||||
<ins>dit moet een list zijn</ins>
|
||||
- Triple check your connections and the orientation of the capacitor.
|
||||
- Play around with the potentiometer[^potmeter].
|
||||
- using a multimeter, follow the entire audio trace from the transistor up until your audio cable.
|
||||
@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ After double-checking all your connections, hook the audio out to an amplified s
|
||||
[^potmeter]: mine only makes a sound for a small portion of the potentiometers range.
|
||||
|
||||
## When there is noise
|
||||
If you, like me, have struggled a lot to get any sound whatsoever, I can hopefully tell you that **this is where things will get fun(ky)**. Getting a single sound out of anything is such a eureka moment. [^clicks]Because from here, you'll be able to play around with the circuit and use our own imagination. For instance, using a different sized resistor to change the pitch. Or, using a Light Dependant Resistor to control the pitch based on the sound. Or adding a on/off button. Or, building your own keyboard using multiple resistors...
|
||||
If you, like me, have struggled a lot to get any sound whatsoever, I can hopefully tell you that **this is where things will get fun(ky)**. Getting a single sound out of anything is such a eureka moment [^clicks]. Because from here, you'll be able to play around with the circuit and use our own imagination. For instance, using a different sized resistor to change the pitch. Or, using a Light Dependant Resistor to control the pitch based on the sound. Or adding a on/off button. Or, building your own keyboard using multiple resistors...
|
||||
|
||||
[^clicks]: Making and playing this circuit helped me a lot with understanding how electricity flows and how you can manipulate the flow.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ You could skip the capacitors and resistors and just connect the batteries toget
|
||||
|
||||
[^18V]: You can also get 18V: treat the -9V pin as 0V, making the 9V pin 18V
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{ max-height=130px }
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[^smooth]: { height=30px }
|
||||
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Before plugging in the batteries, check your connections[^continuity]. When the
|
||||
|
||||
[^volt-meter]: Test this by using the volt meter on the multimeter. One probe touches your ground pin, the other the pin you'd like to test.
|
||||
|
||||
[^continuity]: You can test this using the *continuity* mode on your multi meter, which beeps if electricity can pass trough.
|
||||
[^continuity]: You can test this using the *continuity* mode on your multi meter, which beeps if electricity can pass through.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Upgrade
|
||||
An upgrade that could be useful is adding a power switch and/or LED to show if the power supply is active.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ Thesis for ia writer
|
||||
1-dismantling.md
|
||||
2-component-salvaging.md
|
||||
|
||||
0_resistor.md
|
||||
1_capacitor.md
|
||||
chips.md
|
||||
inputs.md
|
||||
outputs.md
|
||||
pcb.md
|
||||
0_resistor.md
|
||||
transistor.md
|
||||
|
||||
3-recipes.md
|
||||
|
||||
@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/layout.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/typography.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/table.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/style.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/paged.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/styles/media.css">
|
||||
|
||||
@ -12,14 +12,5 @@
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<h3>Chapter {{index}}</h3>
|
||||
<h1>{{chapter['title']}}</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
{% if chapter['nested'] %}
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="list--frontpage">
|
||||
{% for nest in documents[chapter['nested']]|sort(attribute='order') %}
|
||||
<li><h3>{{nest['title']}}</h3></li>
|
||||
{% endfor %}
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
{% endif %}
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
{%- endmacro -%}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user